Table 1 Summary of evidence of the studies included

Locker [36]

2005

Canada

39

32

12.2 ± 1.5

12.2 ± 1.4

CPQ_{11 − 14}

Overall

31.40 ± 3.40

23.20 ± 2.2

F

30

Oral symptoms

7.40 ± 1.3

7.20 ± 0.9

M

41

Functional limitations

8.10 ± 2.1

5.20 ± 0.4

Emotional well-being

7.20 ± 2.2

6.30 ± 1.8

Social well-being

8.80 ± 1.8

4.70 ± 1.5

Wogelius [37]

2009

Denmark

15

97

8–10

8–10

F

NA

CPQ_8 − 10

Overall

7.90 ± 8.0

8.50 ± 6.2

21

154

11–14

11–14

M

NA

CPQ_{11 − 14}

Overall

10.2 ± 7.2

10.5 ± 7.6

Ward [38]

2013

USA

75

75

8–14

8–14

COHIP

Overall

95.6 ± 18.3

108.6 ± 16.9

Oral health well-being

24.8 ± 5.9

26.9 ± 6.5

F_case

27

Functional well-being

17.7 ± 4.7

20.9 ± 3.6

M_case

48

Social-Emotional well-being

24.3 ± 6.7

27.7 ± 6.1

F_control

46

School Environment

13.1 ± 3.0

14.7 ± 2.0

M_control

29

Self-Image

15.7 ± 4.3

18.4 ± 4.9

Treatment Expectancy

5.1 ± 1.4

5 ± 1.4

Global Health

3.1 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.9

Antoun [39]

2015

New Zealand

24

30

12.6 ± 2.8

14.5 ± 1.9

OHIP 14

Overall

10.5 ± 10.8

11.6 ± 10.9

F_case

10

Functional Limitations

1.75 ± 1.7

1.23 ± 1.5

M_case

14

Physical Pain

1.25 ± 1.7

1.5 ± 1.8

F_control

13

Psychological Discomfort

2.54 ± 2.3

3 ± 2.5

M_control

17

Physical Disability

0.75 ± 1.3

0.73 ± 1.6

Psychological Disability

1.92 ± 2.1

2.67 ± 2.4

Social Disability

1.17 ± 1.7

1.27 ± 2.1

Handicap

1.1 ± 1.4

1.2 ± 1.6

Kragt [40]

2016

Netherlands

30

213

10–14

10–14

F

122

COHIP 38

Overall

159 ± 17.5

167.26 ± 13.3

M

121

Long [41]

2016

USA

527

362

12.6 ± 3.1

11.5 ± 2.9

F

391

COHIP

Overall

96.2 ± 18.8

100.1 ± 17.7

M

498

Kortelainen [42]

2016

Finland

26

71

11–14

11–14

F_case

13

CPQ_{11 − 14}

Overall

55.5 ± 12.3

15.0 ± 11.0

M_case

13

Oral symptoms

11.9 ± 3.5

5.1 ± 2.7

F_control

31

Functional limitations

14 ± 5.0

2.8 ± 2.7

M_control

40

Emotional well-being

12.6 ± 3.3

4.2 ± 5.2

Social well-being

17.1 ± 4.6

2.9 ± 3.5

Aravena [12]

2017

Chile

48

96

11.3 ± 2.3

11.2 ± 2.3

COHIP-SP

Overall

94.1 ± 19.3

97.1 ± 15.6

F_case

18

Oral health well-being

24.5 ± 6.0

25.1 ± 5.6

M_case

30

Functional well-being

16.8 ± 4.2

19.2 ± 4.1

F_control

46

Social-Emotional well-being

22.5 ± 7.4

24.4 ± 5.6

M_control

45

School Environment

12.9 ± 2.6

14.3 ± 2.2

Self-Image

17.2 ± 5.3

13.9 ± 4.6

Boy-Lefèvre [43]

2018

France

45

92

NA

NA

CPQ_8 − 10

Overall

17.73 ± 11.2

11.83 ± 11.1

F

NA

Oral symptoms

4.41 ± 2.9

4.63 ± 3.9

M

NA

Functional limitations

3.95 ± 3.6

2.35 ± 3.3

Emotional well-being

2.95 ± 4.0

2.51 ± 3.5

Social well-being

6.41 ± 4.6

2.34 ± 3.4

Nichols [44]

2018

New Zealand

19

16

12.7 ± 3.1

15.1 ± 2.1

OHIP 14

Overall

12.4 ± 11.4

11.2 ± 11.0

Functional Limitations

1.3 ± 1.5

1.9 ± 1.8

F_case

7

Physical Pain

1.4 ± 1.5

1.4 ± 1.8

M_case

12

Psychological Discomfort

3.4 ± 2.7

2.6 ± 2.3

F_control

9

Physical Disability

0.7 ± 1.4

0.8 ± 1.3

M_control

7

Psychological Disability

2.6 ± 2.6

2.1 ± 2.2

Social Disability

1.6 ± 2.4

1.3 ± 1.9

Handicap

1.4 ± 1.8

1.2 ± 1.4

Montes [45]

2019

Brazil

54

54

9.07 ± 0.8

9.07 ± 0.8

F_case

23

CPQ_8 − 10

Overall

17.2 ± 13.0

13.4 ± 12.1

M_case

31

Oral symptoms

6 ± 2.8

5.2 ± 3.8

F_control

23

Functional_limitations

3.7 ± 3.5

2.4 ± 3.8

M_control

31

Emotional well-being

3.1 ± 3.7

3.2 ± 3.7

Social well-being

4.4 ± 5.1

2.7 ± 4.2

Nagappan [46]

2019

India

80

80

8–16

8–16

COHIP 25

Overall

70.6 ± 14.1

111.82 ± 12.3

Oral health well-being

14.9 ± 7.9

31.3 ± 3.2

F_case

29

Functional well-being

7.6 ± 2.7

19.3 ± 6.2

M_case

51

Social-Emotional well-being

21.3 ± 8.1

26.2 ± 5.4

F_control

36

School Environment

12.1 ± 2.1

14.22 ± 0.9

M_control

44

Self-Image

14.7 ± 3.9

20.8 ± 0.9

Treatment Expectancy

4.2 ± 1.4

5.1 ± 0.02

Global Health

2.9 ± 0.6

3.5 ± 1.1

Francisco [47]

2021

Portugal

111

115

8–27

8–27

OHIP 14

Overall

10.2 ± 7.2

9.4±

Functional Limitations

1.6 ± 1.4

1.3±

F_case

45

Physical Pain

3 ± 1.6

3.2±

M_case

66

Psychological Discomfort

1.5 ± 1.9

1.3±

F_control

45

Physical Disability

1.3 ± 1.6

1.5±

M_control

66

Psychological Disability

1.1 ± 1.6

1±

Social Disability

1.4 ± 1.5

0.8±

Handicap

0.3 ± 0.9

0.3±

Defabianis [48]a

2022

Italy

32

32

8–11

COHIP

Overall

101.2 ± 15.1

119.5 ± 7.5

Oral health well-being

27 ± 4.5

32.2 ± 3.2

F_case

31

Functional well-being

17.3 ± 3.7

21.6 ± 1.9

M_case

40

Social-Emotional well-being

26 ± 7.2

31 ± 1.8

F_control

31

School Environment

12.7 ± 2.2

15.3 ± 1

M_control

40

Self-Image

18.1 ± 5

19.4 ± 2.7

Defabianis [48]b

39

39

12–18

COHIP

Overall

92.5 ± 19.3

116 ± 11.9

Oral health well-being

26.8 ± 5.7

31.8 ± 4.9

Functional well-being

18 ± 3.3

21.7 ± 2.5

Social-Emotional well-being

22.1 ± 8.4

29.3 ± 4.2

School Environment

12.2 ± 3

14.9 ± 1.8

Self-Image

13.3 ± 4.8

18.4 ± 3.2