Table 1 The characteristics and quality assessment of included studies in the meta-analysis
Author | Year | Country | Study design | Study population | Sample size | Site of data collection | Caries diagnosis criteria | Vitamin D deficiency / normality | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carvalho | 2021 | Portugal | Cohort |  < 10 years children | 335 | the Porto Metropolitan Area (Northern Portugal) | Any Caries: including non-cavitated lesions and/or past treatment | 218/117 | 9 |
Navarro | 2021 | Netherlands | Cohort | 6Â years children | 5257 | the Rotterdam, Netherlands | Any Caries: including non-cavitated lesions and/or past treatment | 2620/2637 | 8 |
Akinkugbe | 2019 | USA | Cross-sectional | 12 ~ 19 years adolescents | 2579 | the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA | Cavitated Lesions | 916/1663 | 8 |
Seminario | 2018 | USA | Cross-sectional | 1 ~ 6 years children | 276 | the Seattle Children's Hospital (SCH), USA | Any Caries: including non-cavitated lesions and/or past treatment | 138/138 | 7 |
Kim | 2018 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 10 ~ 12 years children | 1688 | the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Korea | Any Caries: including non-cavitated lesions and/or past treatment | 1038/650 | 7 |
Gyll | 2018 | Sweden | Cohort | 6 years children | 85 | Umeå and Malmö, Sweden | Any Caries: including non-cavitated lesions and/or past treatment | 50/35 | 9 |
Deane | 2017 | Canada | Case control | 6Â years children | 266 | the Misericordia Hospital and community, Canada | Non-Cavitated and Cavitated Lesions | 179/87 | 9 |
Wagner | 2016 | Germany | Cohort | 3 ~ 4 years children | 755 | Jena, Germany | Any Caries: including non-cavitated lesions and/or past treatment | 60/695 | 9 |
Herzog | 2016 | USA | Cross-sectional | 5 ~ 12 years children | 1103 | the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA | Non-Cavitated and Cavitated Lesions | 343//760 | 8 |
Schroth | 2016 | Canada | Cross-sectional | 6 ~ 11 years children | 1017 | the Canadian Health Measures Survey | Cavitated Lesions | 127/890 | 7 |
Dudding | 2015 | Britain | Case control | 6 ~ 9 years children | 5545 | the South West of England | Non-Cavitated and Cavitated Lesions | 1952/3593 | 8 |
Schroth | 2013 | Canada | Case control | 3 ~ 5 years children | 261 | the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | Non-Cavitated and Cavitated Lesions | 43/218 | 8 |
Schroth | 2012 | Canada | Cohort |  < 6 years children | 38 | the southern Manitoba, Canada | Any Caries: including non-cavitated lesions and/or past treatment | 32/6 | 9 |