Table 2 Prevalence of Malaysian adults who self-reported dental problems, stratified by location
Characteristics | Total (n = 10,134) | Location | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 6,071) | Rural (n = 4,063) | |||||||||||||
n | Weighted % | 95% CI | n | Weighted % | 95% CI | p-value | n | Weighted % | 95% CI | p-value | ||||
LL | UL | LL | UL | LL | UL | |||||||||
Overall | 603 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 378 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 0.192 | 225 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 0.192 |
Predisposing factors | ||||||||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||||
 Male | 260 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 169 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 6.2 | 0.409 | 91 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 8.2 | 0.984 |
 Female | 343 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 209 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 6.8 |  | 134 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 8.0 |  |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
 Malaya | 424 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 263 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 6.2 | 0.898 | 161 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 6.7 | 0.019 |
 Non-Malay | 179 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 7.2 | 161 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 6.9 |  | 64 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 10.7 |  |
Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
 18–34 | 156 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 5.2 | 98 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 0.004 | 58 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 0.030 |
 35–59 | 323 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 209 | 6.7 | 5.3 | 8.4 |  | 114 | 8.1 | 6.3 | 10.2 |  |
 60 +  | 124 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 6.3 | 71 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 6.9 |  | 53 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 6.8 |  |
Education level | ||||||||||||||
 No formal | 32 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 8.7 | 13 | 4.9 | 2.3 | 10.0 | 0.937 | 19 | 6.4 | 3.6 | 11.1 | 0.975 |
 Primary | 132 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 60 | 5.7 | 3.9 | 8.3 |  | 72 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 8.2 |  |
 Secondary | 284 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 179 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 6.6 |  | 105 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 8.0 |  |
 Tertiary | 155 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 126 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 6.6 |  | 29 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 9.6 |  |
Marital status | ||||||||||||||
 Single | 94 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 57 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 4.3 |  < 0.001 | 37 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 8.8 | 0.494 |
 Married | 435 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 278 | 6.3 | 5.2 | 7.7 |  | 157 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 8.2 |  |
 Not marriedb | 74 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 6.8 | 43 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 7.5 |  | 31 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 7.0 |  |
Enabling factors | ||||||||||||||
Employment status | ||||||||||||||
 Government | 74 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 62 | 7.0 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 0.578 | 12 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 7.4 | 0.254 |
 Private | 150 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 7.0 | 104 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 7.1 |  | 46 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 8.8 |  |
 Self-employed | 124 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 7.3 | 60 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 6.7 |  | 64 | 7.8 | 5.7 | 10.5 |  |
 Unemployed | 255 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 152 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 6.4 |  | 103 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 7.7 |  |
Income level: | ||||||||||||||
 Q1 (RM0 – RM1,100) | 141 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 66 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 0.276 | 75 | 6.8 | 5.3 | 8.7 | 0.154 |
 Q2 (RM1,108 – RM2,100) | 101 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 51 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 5.2 |  | 50 | 6.2 | 4.1 | 9.3 |  |
 Q3 (RM2,103 – RM3,400) | 122 | 6.5 | 5.1 | 8.4 | 75 | 6.4 | 4.7 | 8.7 |  | 47 | 7.1 | 4.6 | 10.7 |  |
 Q4 (RM3,410 – RM5,900) | 116 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 79 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 6.6 |  | 37 | 6.4 | 4.1 | 9.9 |  |
 Q5 (RM5,930 – RM70,000) | 123 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 7.3 | 107 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 8.0 |  | 16 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 4.5 |  |
Supplemental healthcare coverage | ||||||||||||||
 Yes | 342 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 7.0 | 261 | 6.0 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 0.015 | 81 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 6.6 | 0.106 |
 No | 261 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 117 | 4.1 | 3.2 | 5.3 |  | 144 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 8.6 |  |
Health need factors | ||||||||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||||
 Good to excellent | 370 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 233 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 5.3 |  < 0.001 | 137 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 6.7 | 0.024 |
 Fair | 206 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 10.7 | 128 | 9.2 | 7.3 | 11.5 |  | 78 | 8.3 | 6.1 | 11.1 |  |
 Very poor to poor | 27 | 10.1 | 6.1 | 16.1 | 17 | 9.2 | 5.0 | 16.2 |  | 10 | 12.6 | 5.3 | 27.1 |  |
Presence of at least one non-communicable diseases | ||||||||||||||
 Yes | 232 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 9.1 | 141 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 9.1 | 0.003 | 91 | 8.7 | 6.6 | 11.4 | 0.002 |
 No | 371 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 237 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 5.7 |  | 134 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 6.5 |  |
Health seeking behaviour | ||||||||||||||
Sought healthcare | ||||||||||||||
 Yes | 299 | 46.4 | 40.7 | 52.1 | 184 | 47.6 | 40.8 | 54.6 | 0.436 | 115 | 42.9 | 33.7 | 52.7 | 0.436 |
 No | 304 | 53.6 | 47.9 | 59.3 | 194 | 52.4 | 45.4 | 59.2 |  | 110 | 57.1 | 47.3 | 66.3 |  |
Self-medicated | ||||||||||||||
 Yes | 475 | 21.4 | 17.0 | 26.6 | 291 | 22.9 | 17.4 | 29.5 | 0.242 | 184 | 17.3 | 11.5 | 25.3 | 0.242 |
 No | 128 | 78.6 | 73.4 | 83.0 | 87 | 77.1 | 70.5 | 82.6 |  | 41 | 82.7 | 74.7 | 88.5 |  |