Table 3 Logistic regression model for oral health-seeking behaviour of Malaysian adults who self-reported dental problems, stratified by location

Sex

 Male

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00

 Female

1.24 (0.67—2.27)

0.481

1.50 (0.70 – 3.19)

0.290

0.95 (0.48—1.85)

0.882

0.59 (0.19—1.78)

0.348

Ethnicity

 Malay^a

2.03 (1.07 – 3.83)

0.029

2.11 (1.10 – 4.03)

0.023

0.94 (0.43 – 2.01)

0.863

2.55 (1.24 – 5.24)

0.011

2.62 (1.26 – 5.45)

0.010

0.90 (0.34 – 2.38)

0.836

 Non-Malay

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref))

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Age (years)

 18–34

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00

 35–59

1.49 (0.79—2.81)

0.212

1.33 (0.73 – 2.43)

0.352

0.60 (0.23—1.55)

0.293

0.97 (0.46 – 2.04)

0.941

1.06 (0.33—3.42)

0.911

 60 + 

1.88 (0.84—4.20)

0.120

1.42 (0.58 – 3.50)

0.435

0.70 (0.20 – 2.38)

0.572

0.85 (0.30 – 2.39)

0.760

0.92 (0.25—3.33)

0.901

Education level

 No formal

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Primary

1.66 (2.81—9.88)

0.574

1.08 (0.30 – 3.85)

0.909

0.25 (0.04 – 1.55)

0.137

0.32 (0.05 – 1.85)

0.199

0.43 (0.10 – 1.93)

0.271

0.36 (0.08 – 1.58)

0.174

 Secondary

2.03 (0.38 – 11.00)

0.406

0.77 (0.22 – 2.61)

0.667

0.81 (0.14 – 4.56)

0.808

0.67 (0.13 – 3.38)

0.625

0.37 (0.07 – 1.99)

0.244

0.25 (0.04 – 1.47)

0.124

 Tertiary

1.97 (0.34—11.26)

0.445

2.01 (0.45 – 9.13)

0.361

1.02 (0.18 – 5.98)

0.980

0.70 (0.13 – 3.83)

0.678

0.01 (0.00—0.07)

 < 0.001

0.01 (0.00 – 0.03)

 < 0.001

Marital status

 Single

0.54 (0.24—1.22)

0.142

0.70 (0.32—1.50)

0.352

2.15 (0.79 – 5.82)

0.129

1.86 (0.67 – 5.16)

0.234

1.90 (0.81 – 4.41)

0.135

2.01 (0.86 – 4.72)

0.108

0.60 (0.16—2.13)

0.428

 Married

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Not married^b

1.68 (0.70—4.03)

0.242

1.43 (0.56—3.66)

0.458

1.12 (0.38 – 3.31)

0.831

1.58 (0.38 – 6.55)

0.526

0.59 (0.20 – 1.70)

0.334

0.90 (0.25 – 3.29)

0.875

1.53 (0.44—5.29)

0.495

Employment status

 Public employee

1.54 (0.69 – 3.41)

0.291

0.73 (0.15 – 3.52)

0.692

0.41 (0.08 – 2.10)

0.281

1.58 (0.62 – 4.02)

0.339

0.78 (0.01 – 7.68)

0.827

 Private employee

0.78 (0.41 – 1.50)

0.452

1.12 (0.42 – 2.97)

0.818

0.95 (0.35 – 2.55)

0.912

0.99 (0.47 – 2.13)

0.989

1.37 (0.36 -5.29)

0.644

 Self-employed

1.18 (0.59 – 2.37)

0.633

0.48 (0.20 – 1.19)

0.112

0.44 (0.19 – 1.05)

0.064

0.56 (0.20 – 1.55)

0.263

1.70 (0.58 – 4.99)

0.329

 Unemployed

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Income

 Q1 (RM0 – RM1,100)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Q2 (RM1,108 – RM2,100)

1.17 (0.40 – 3.37)

0.777

3.46 (1.37 – 8.73)

0.009

3.64 (1.38 – 9.58)

0.009

0.85 (0.23 –3.13)

0.808

0.71 (0.17 – 3.00)

0.641

1.13 (0.29 – 4.46)

0.860

2.02 (0.54 – 7.52)

0.292

 Q3 (RM2,103 – RM3,400)

1.65 (0.61 –4.50)

0.326

1.06 (0.40 – 2.78)

0.903

1.53 (0.58 – 4.06)

0.388

1.81 (0.59 – 5.56)

0.296

1.43 (0.42 – 4.85)

0.569

1.85 (0.48 – 7.08)

0.366

3.43 (0.84 – 13.96)

0.085

 Q4 (RM3,410 – RM5,900)

0.90 (0.39—2.10)

0.809

3.76 (1.35 – 10.49)

0.012

5.64 (1.76 – 18.11)

0.004

0.81 (0.27 – 2.45)

0.710

0.68 (0.19 – 2.46)

0.560

0.18 (0.02—1.25)

0.082

0.33 (0.04 – 2.60)

0.293

 Q5 (RM5,930 – RM70,000)

1.41 (0.57 – 3.49)

0.460

8.03 (1.66 – 38.78)

0.010

14.0 (2.89 – 67.56)

0.001

2.25 (0.79 – 6.43)

0.129

1.47 (0.47 – 4.59)

0.504

1.22 (0.20 – 7.37)

0.825

6.86 (1.00 – 46.90)

0.05

Supplemental financial coverage

 Yes

0.94 (0.53—1.68)

0.858

0.75 (0.33—1.70)

0.498

1.18 (0.61 – 2.26)

0.616

0.64 (0.20—2.05)

0.455

 No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Self-rated health

 Good to excellent

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Very poor to fair

1.51 (0.83—2.73)

0.174

1.42 (0.74—2.70)

0.289

1.81 (0.80 – 4.13)

0.156

1.94 (0.84 – 4.51)

0.118

0.69 (0.36 – 1.31)

0.251

1.17 (0.43—3.15)

0.757

Presence of at least one non-communicable diseases

 Yes

1.26 (0.69—2.31)

0.436

0.80 (0.36 – 1.76)

0.589

0.80 (0.41—1.54)

0.506

1.37 (0.52—3.55)

0.515

 No

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)