Table 3 Characteristics of the involved studies are as follows

Dou, L., et al. [3]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

178

Not mentioned

The extracted teeth sample were kept in sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) for one hour followed by removal of any remaining debris or calculus by scaling

(micro-CT Inveon; Siemens Medical Solutions, Knoxville, TN) micro-CT scanner

15 μm

Cobra software (Siemens Medical

Solutions, Knoxville, TN)

Vertucci’s

-

Sierra-Cristancho, A., et al. [10]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

186

Not mentioned

The extracted samples were placed in sodium hypochlorite (5%) for 30 min to clean, then kept in neutral buffered formalin (10%) followed by removal of debris by ultrasonic scaler. Samples were then stored in moisturizing solution until further analysis at room temperature

(SkyScan 1278, Bruker, Kontich, Belgium)

50 µm

NRecon v.1.6.9 software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium), CTAn v.1.12 software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium

Ahmed’s et al. and Vertucci’s classification

Yes

Alkaabi, W., et al. [20]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

50

Not mentioned

Teeth were immersed in sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) to clean for 1 h followed by scaling. Samples were kept separately in the containers with 0.9% sodium chloride prior to analysis

Sky-Scan 1,172 X-ray micro-tomograph; SkyScan, Antwerp, Belgium)

11.94 μm

SkyScan software (CTan version 1.11.10.0

Vertucci’s classification

Yes

Boschetti, E., et al. [24]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

70

Not mentioned

Extracted sample teeth were placed 0.1% thymol at 6℃, then the teeth were examined and analyzed

Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium); SkyScan 1174v2

22.9 μm

CTAn v.1.16 software, NRecon v.1.6.9 software and CTVol v.2.3 sofware

Vertucci’s classification

Yes

Chen, J., et al. [25]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

127

Not mentioned

Extracted teeth were cleaned to detach external tissues and scaling was done to remove the calculus followed by storing in neutral buffered formalin solution (10%) until analysis

X-ray micro-focus CT system (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany)

14.97 μm

Mimics 10.01 software (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium)

-

Fan, B., et al. [21]

Mandibular first premolar

No

358

Not mentioned

All teeth were kept in 10% neutral buffered formalin, further debridement of any remnants was done before analysis followed by imaging

μCT-80; Scanco Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland)

37 μm

Image-Pro Discovery 5.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD)

-

-

Gu, Y., Y. Zhang, and Z. Liao [26]

Mandibular first premolar

No

148

Not mentioned

Samples were stored in 10% formalin after removing calculus and any remnants of external tissues then followed by further micro-CT analysis

micro-CT scanner (Inveon; Siemens Medical Solutions, Knoxville, TN)

15 μm

Mimics 10.01 (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium)

Vertucci’s classification

-

Guerreiro, D., et al. [27]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

154

Not mentioned

All the samples were placed in neutral buffered formalin (10%) after scaling was done to remove the calculus and any tissue remnants until analysis

μCT100; Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland

25 μm

_

Vertucci’s classification

-

Li, X., et al. [28]

Mandibular first premolar

No

115

Not mentioned

Samples were placed in neutral buffered formalin 910%) and sodium hypochlorite (5%) was used to clean for 24 h. Later calculus or any external tissues were removed

X-ray microfocus CT scanner (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany)

14.97 μm

Mimics 10.01 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium)

Vertucci’s classification

-

Liu, N., et al. [29]

Mandibular first premolar

No

115

Not mentioned

Extracted teeth were separately kept in neutral buffered formalin (10%) and sodium hypochlorite (5%) was used to clean the samples for 24 h. Thorough debridement of calculus and periodontal tissues was done until micro-CT assessment

X-ray microfocus CT scanner (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany)

14.97 μm

Mimics 10.01 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium)

Vertucci’s classification

-

Moreno, J.O., et al. [30]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

50

Not mentioned

-

SkyScan 1174v2 micro-CT device (Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium)

17 μm

NRecon v.1.6.9 software (Bruker-micro-CT), CTAn V.1.13 software (Bruker-micro-CT) and CTVol v.2.2.1 (BrukermicroCT)

Vertucci’s classification

Yes

Ordinola‐Zapata, R., et al. [31]

Mandibular first premolar

-

123

Not mentioned

-

(SkyScan 1174; Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium)

19.6 μm

NRecon 1.6.3 software (Bruker micro-CT), CTAn v.1.12 software (Bruker microCT) and Data viewer software (Bruker-micro-CT)

-

-

Zhang, D., et al. [32]

Mandibular first premolar

Yes

143

Not mentioned

Samples were disinfected using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite to detach the calculus and debride any external tissues followed by storage of extracted teeth in 10% neutral buffered formalin until further assessment

X-ray microfocus CT scanner (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany)

14.97 μm

Mimics10.01 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium)

Vertucci’s classification

Yes