Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the scoping review (n = 13)

Asawa et al., 2014. [37]

India

Cross-sectional

14.7.1

Workplace environment

Assess and compare the oral health status of fishermen and non-fishermen population of Kutch District, Gujarat, India

Fishermen population showed significantly greater proportion of persons with dental caries (82.6%) than non-fishermen population (44.6%) (p = 0.001)

*Folayan et al. 2020. [38]

Multi-country

Ecological

14.1.1 14.4.1 14.5.1 14.7.1

Marine protected areas, fish stock status, regional marine trophic index

Determine the association between 24 global environmental indicators and ECC in 3-5-year-old children.

Of the 24 environmental indicators, eight had at least a small-effect size but non-significant association with ECC in 3–5-year-old children: percentage of marine protected areas (ƞ2 = 0.03), species habitat index (ƞ2 = 0.06), percentage of tree cover loss (ƞ2 = 0.03), regional marine trophic index (ƞ2 = 0.03), total carbon dioxide emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.03), methane emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.04), nitrous oxide emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.06), and sulfur dioxide emission intensity (ƞ2 = 0.03).

Saeki et al., 1996. [39]

Japan

Laboratory

14.1.1

Seaweed

Examine the effect of funoran on the absorption of oral streptococci to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite in vitro and its anticariogenic on experimental rats infected with Streptococcus sanguis.

The colonization of S.sobrinus 6715 inoculated on the molar teeth of experimental rats that were administered funoran was less frequent than that in a funoran-free group. The mean buccal and lingual, sulcal, and total caries scores of rat groups administered funoran (a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the seaweed Gloiopeltis furcate) were significantly lower than those of the funoran-free group.

Ogaard et al. 1988. [40]

Norway

Laboratory

14.1.1

Shark teeth

Compare the resistance of fluoroapatite (shark enamel) and hydroxyapatite (human enamel) against a high caries challenge in a human in vivo model

The mean total mineral loss (delta Z) was 1680 vol% micron in human enamel and 965 vol% micron in shark enamel. The corresponding mean values for lesion depth were 90 micron and 36 micron respectively.

Ren et al. 2018. [41]

China

Laboratory

14.1.1

Marine bacterium

Evaluate the ability of dextranase from a marine bacterium Catenovulum sp. (Cadex) to impede formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms,

Cadex was shown to be an alkaline and cold-adapted endo-type dextranase that impeded the formation of S. mutans biofilm to some extent, and suitable for development of a novel marine agent for the treatment of dental caries

Xu et al., 2022. [42]

China

Laboratory

14.1.1

Marine bacterium

Identify and characterize the enzymatic properties, hydrolysis characteristics, protein sequence and 3D structure of CeDex and its effect on suppressing and removing dental plaque.

CeDex (a dextranase from the marine bacterium Cellulosimicrobium sp. THNI could prevent the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm and disassemble existing biofilms at 10 U/ml concentration

Jiao et al. 2014. [43]

China

Laboratory

14.1.1

Marine bacterium

To purify and characterize a dextranase (Dex410) from marine Arthrobacter sp. and compare this with fungi derived dextranase containing commercial mouthwashes

For short-term use (1.5 months), both Dex410 and the commercial mouthwash Biotene (Laclede Professional Products, Gardena, CA, USA) had a significant inhibitory effect on caries (p = 0.0008 and 0.0001, respectively), while for long-term use (3 months), only Dex410 showed significant inhibitory effect on dental caries (p = 0.005).

*Rao,1971 [44]

India

Letter

14.1.1

Sea salt

-

Sea salt contributes fluoride to the amount of 0.05 to 0.34 mg/day and is not enough to contribute fluoride to the human diets in India to give protection against caries.

Hadjimarkos, 1972 [45]

USA

Letter

14.1.1

Sea salt

-

In countries where the consumption of salt is high because of local dietary habits and food customs, the use of crude sea salt would make a significant contribution to fluoride intake

Hadjimarkos, 1962 [46]

USA

Letter

14.1.1

Sea salt

-

Serious consideration should be given to the role of sea salt as an important source of dietary fluoride for the prevention of dental caries in areas of the world where the salt consumed locally is prepared by evaporating sea water.

Hadjimarkos, 1965 [47]

USA

Letter

14.4.1

Fish flour

-

Selenium increases the susceptibility of teeth to dental caries. Fish flour, which is being increasingly used as a food supplement for the prevention and treatment of protein malnutrition, is one of the foods with the highest content of selenium.

Barzkar, 2022 [48]

Multi-country

Review

14.1.1

Marine bacterium

A review of the properties of dextran, properties of dextran-hydrolyzing enzymes, particularly from marine sources, the biochemical features of these enzymes and the potential use of marine bacterial dextranase to remove dental plaque.

Dextranase from marine bacteria is the most preferable for removing plaque, as it has a high enzymatic activity.

Huang et al., 2021 [49]

China

Review

14.1.1

Marine bioactive compounds

Overview of different marine-sourced bioactive compounds and their health benefits in dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis, oral cancer, and their potential use as functional food ingredients for oral health

Marine bioactive ingredients seaweed extracts, n-3 PUFAs, sea cucumber extracts, and marine bacterial metabolites have the ability to inhibit oral pathogens, repress their biofilms, and regulate the cancer cell cycle.