Table 2 General health clinical outcomes classified according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) of WHO (n = 184)

Functionality and Disability (n = 65)

ICF components

ICF Chapters

Categories

General health clinical outcomes identified in selected studies

Body functions (n = 54)

Mental functions (n = 26)

Global mental functions - Intellectual functions (n = 24)

• Cognitive function^{147,149,159,164,179,212,224,239,258,278,314,320,326,350,382,385,405,411,429}

• Subjective cognitive complaints³⁶⁹

• Cognitive impairment^177,243,419

• Activities of daily living (cognitive domains) ^c288

Global mental functions - Sleep functions (n = 2)

• Sleep duration^253,294

Specific mental functions – Memory functions (n = 1)

• Activities of daily living (cognitive domains) ^c288

Sensory functions and pain (n = 2)

Hearing and vestibular functions (n = 2)

• Hearing loss^49,244

Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological and respiratory systems (n = 4)

Functions of the cardiovascular system- Heart functions (n = 1)

• Heart rate⁴¹

Functions of the cardiovascular system - Blood pressure functions (n = 4)

• Blood pressure⁴¹

• Systolic Blood Pressure^133,303

• Diastolic Blood Pressure^133,303

• Cardiovascular health²⁸⁷

Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems (n = 8)

Functions related to the digestive system - Ingestion functions (n = 8)

• Oropharyngeal dysphagia^162,255

• Dysphagia risk²²⁵

• Complaints about oral-pharyngeal function¹⁵

• Repetitive Saliva Swallowing Test^84,311

• Swallowing threshold^138,151

Genitourinary and reproductive functions (n = 1)

Urinary functions (n = 1)

• Kidney function²⁰⁹

Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (n = 13)

Movement functions - Gait pattern functions (n = 7)

• Timed 10 m walk test¹⁹⁷

• Reduction in walking speed²⁵⁹

• Mobility disability⁸⁰

• Physical fitness (Maximal stepping rate for 10 seconds)^35,48

• Gait performance³³²

• Walking speed²⁸⁶

Movement functions - Involuntary movement reaction functions (n = 7)

• Physical fitness (one-leg standing time with eyes open)^{35,48,64,95,136}

• Standing balance²⁸⁶

•Standing Motion³⁴⁷

Muscle functions - Muscle power functions (n = 10)

• Handgrip strength^64,136,319

• Physical fitness (Maximal isometric knee extensor strength)³⁵

• Physical fitness (Maximum hand grip strength)^{35,48,95,197,263}

• Physical fitness (Maximal leg extensor power)^35,48

• Physical fitness (Leg extensor strength)⁴⁸

• Chair stands²⁸⁶

• Standing Motion³⁴⁷

Body structures (n = 1)

Structures of the nervous system (n = 1)

Structure of brain (n = 1)

• Brain structure (volumes of gray matter and white matter)²⁴¹

Activities and participation (n = 10)

Communication (n = 1)

Conversation and use of communication devices and techniques (n = 1)

• Instrumental activities of daily living (making telephone calls)^344,412

Mobility (n = 6)

Changing and maintaining body position - Transferring oneself (n = 5)

• Activities of daily living (as transfer)^{a147,195,256,412}

• Activities of daily living^c288

• Fatigue^d113

Walking and moving – Walking (n = 6)

• Activities of daily living (mobility)^{a28,147,195,256,412}

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) ^c288,412

• Fatigue^d113

Walking and moving - Moving around (n = 5)

• Activities of daily living (walking stairs)^{a147,195,256,412}

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) ^c288,412

• Fatigue^d113

Walking and moving - Moving around in different locations (n = 6)

• Activities of daily living (mobility, toilet use)^{a147,195,256,412}

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) c^288,412

• Homeboundness¹⁹⁹

• Fatigue^d113

Self-care (n = 7)

Washing oneself (n = 4)

• Activities of daily living (bathing)^{a147,195,256,412}

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) ^c288,412

Caring for body parts (n = 4)

• Activities of daily living (hygiene)^{a147,195,256,412}

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) ^c288

Toileting (n = 4)

• Activities of daily living (controlling bladder)^{a147,195,256,412}

• Activities of daily living (controlling bowel)^a147,195,256

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) ^c288

Dressing (n = 4)

• Activities of daily living (dressing)^a147,195,256

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) ^c288

Eating (n = 4)

• Activities of daily living (feeding)^a147,195,256

• Activities of daily living (motor domains) ^c288

Self-care, unspecified (n = 3)

• Instrumental activities of daily living (taking medications)³⁴⁴

• Higher level functional capacity^b193,305

Domestic life (n = 3)

Acquisition of necessities - Acquisition of goods and services (n = 3)

• Instrumental activities of daily living (shopping for groceries)^344,412

• Instrumental activities of daily living (managing money such as paying bills and keeping track of expenses)^344,412

• Higher level functional capacity^b193,305

Household tasks - Preparing meals (n = 3)

• Instrumental activities of daily living (preparing a hot meal)³⁴⁴

• Higher level functional capacity^b193,305

Caring for household objects and assisting others - Caring for household objects (n = 3)

• Instrumental activities of daily living (doing work around the house or garden)^344,412

• Higher level functional capacity^b193,305

Interpersonal interactions and relationships (n = 2)

General interpersonal interactions - Basic interpersonal interactions (n = 2)

• Higher level functional capacity^b193,305

Community, social and civic life (n = 2)

Recreation and leisure (n = 2)

• Higher level functional capacity^b193,305

General health clinical outcomes identified in selected studies

• Prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer³³⁶

• Anemia²⁵⁷

• General and central obesity^{130,137,182,194,238,266,348}

• Nutritional status (measured by other parameters such as serum albumin dosage, among others)^{22,71,79,162,262,268,401}

• Arm circumference¹¹⁸

• Waist circumference³⁰⁰

• Waist-to-height ratio³⁴⁸

• Triceps skinfold^118,300

• Body Mass Index ^{22,39,40,43,64,68,71,79,101,118,134,143,161,180,196,202,262,264,268,271, 279,282,292,298,300,396}

• Weight loss³⁵¹

• Nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment- well nourished, at risk of malnutrition and malnourished/ Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire -CNAQ)^{135,141,143,147,152,162,202,288,298,325,329,353,354,368,372,386}

• Prognostic Nutritional Index³¹⁷

• Body composition³⁷⁸

• Malnutrition (weight loss, low body mass index, calf Circumference)^e345

• Systemic inflammatory conditions (concentrations of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP) and hemoglobin A1c)²³⁴

• Metabolic syndrome^{185,213,238,261,348,375,424}

• Dementia (onset, incident)^{28,131,132,178,334,399}

• Development of all-cause dementia and its subtypes²¹⁰

• Anxiety²⁶⁰

• Depression^260,422

• Depressive symptoms^163,219,371

• Alzheimer’s disease³⁵²

• Adverse cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke, non-fatal or fatal MI, non-fatal or fatal stroke)^183,218,359

• Myocardial infarction¹⁰³

• Cardiovascular risk factors⁹⁴

• Incident hospitalisation for ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, ischaemic stroke and peripheral vascular disease²²⁰

• Lacunar infarcts³⁸⁸

• Multiple falls during the past year¹⁸⁴

• Risk of falls²⁴²

• Diabetes and incident diabetes ⁴¹⁸

• Diabetic retinopathy²¹⁵

• Hypertension^236,398

• Atherosclerosis^216,383

• Coronary atherosclerotic burden¹⁴⁸

• Coronary heart disease²⁹

•Incidence of postoperative respiratory complications⁴³²

•Airflow obstruction¹⁸⁷

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease²⁹⁰

• Sarcopenia^{198,217,363,370}

• Non-sarcopenia³⁶³

• Metacarpal bone mineral density⁵⁶

• Bone mineral density⁶⁴

• Chronic kidney disease²¹⁴

• End stage renal disease³²⁸

• Infant birth weight²⁸⁹

• Serum albumin level¹⁰⁵

• Levels of C-reactive protein⁴⁶

• Malnutrition (Levels of C-reactive protein)^e345

• Prognostic biomarkers²¹⁸

• Serum lipid peroxide concentration³⁹³

• Skeletal muscle mass^181,197

• Appendicular skeletal muscle mass²⁴⁰

• Onset of fever³³³

• Febrile status⁹³

• Physical frailty^211,217

• Frailty^{160,235,320,322,355,366,380,384,385,404,415,417,426}

• Incidence of functional disability^281,371

• Disability^217,415,425

• Musculoskeletal frailty²²¹

• Functional disability²²²

• Fall-related fractures^331,407