Oral health knowledge is associated with oral health-related quality of life: a survey of first-year undergraduate students enrolled in an American university

Gardner, Jenna; Huang, Boyen; Ip, Ryan H. L.

doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03721-5

Table 3 Estimated coefficients (β), standard errors (SE), and p-values (p) of the ordinal regression models for the OHRQoL parameters in a sample of US undergraduate students (n = 372). Threshold coefficients for the last level, and the parameters of the baseline level for all explanatory variables were set to zero. P-values less than 0.05 are indicated by an asterisk

From: Oral health knowledge is associated with oral health-related quality of life: a survey of first-year undergraduate students enrolled in an American university

OHRQoL parameters		1. Biting difficulty	2. Chewing difficulty	3. Speech or pronunciation difficulty	4. Dry mouth	5. Embarrassed with dental appearance	6. Feeling intense with tooth problems
Threshold coefficients
Never	β SE p	0.85 0.42 0.0435*	1.32 0.46 0.0004*	0.30 0.41 0.4696	-0.24 0.36 0.5072	0.12 0.35 0.7312	0.83 0.40 0.0378*
Sometimes	β SE p	3.05 0.52 < 0.0001*	3.57 0.59 <0.0001*	1.81 0.45 0.0001*	1.65 0.37 <0.0001*	1.67 0.37 <0.0001*	2.68 0.45 <0.0001*
Fairly or very often		---	---	---	---	---	---
Age
19		---	---	---	---	---	---
20	β SE p	0.13 0.29 0.6601	0.33 0.33 0.3201	-0.07 0.30 0.8097	0.03 0.22 0.8760	0.23 0.22 0.2871	-0.14 0.28 0.6116
21 or above	β SE p	-0.31 0.69 0.6582	0.74 0.60 0.2182	0.16 0.61 0.7882	0.10 0.52 0.8780	0.55 0.50 0.2739	1.12 0.51 0.0283*
Gender
Female		---	---	---	---	---	---
Male	β SE p	-0.31 0.32 0.3331	-0.15 0.35 0.6775	-0.75 0.35 0.0333*	-0.16 0.24 0.5065	-0.09 0.24 0.6924	-0.24 0.29 0.4071
Transgender, Non-binary and Others	β SE p	-0.80 0.76 0.2944	-1.05 1.04 0.3169	0.01 0.58 0.9789	-0.01 0.43 0.9887	0.30 0.42 0.4772	0.91 0.46 0.0471*
Level of Oral Health Knowledge
Poor		---	---	---	---	---	---
Fair	β SE p	-0.86 0.52 0.0964	-0.46 0.53 0.3815	-1.28 0.50 0.0112*	-0.51 0.40 0.2055	-0.30 0.40 (0.4566	-0.89 0.49 0.0718*
Good	β SE p	-0.59 0.42 0.1601	-0.82 0.46 0.0731	-1.12 0.41 0.0006*	-0.44 0.36 0.2119	-0.30 0.35 0.3888	-0.24 0.40 0.5532
OHRQoL parameters		7. Avoidance of smiling	8. Interrupted sleep	9. Taking days off	10. Difficulty doing usual activities	11. Less tolerant of close people	12. Reduced participation in social activities
Threshold coefficients
Never	β SE p	0.65 0.38 0.0917	1.16 0.48 0.0154*	2.08 0.61 0.0007*	1.76 0.59 0.0027*	1.87 0.61 0.0023*	1.98 0.59 0.0008*
Sometimes	β SE p	1.84 0.40 <0.0001*	2.45 0.54 <0.0001*	2.96 0.66 <0.0001*	2.81 0.65 <0.0001*	2.71 0.65 <0.0001*	2.73 0.63 <0.0001*
Fairly or very often		---	---	---	---	---	---
Age
19		---	---	---	---	---	---
20	β SE p	0.12 0.24 0.6191	-0.25 0.41 0.5454	-0.15 0.58 0.7914	-0.10 0.60 0.8740	-0.34 0.54 0.5363	-0.20 0.56 0.7232
21 or above	β SE p	0.80 0.47 0.0902	0.11 0.72 0.8769	0.75 0.79 0.3404	0.97 0.76 0.2008	0.90 0.78 0.2483	0.71 0.78 0.3639
Gender
Female		---	---	---	---	---	---
Male	β SE p	-0.01 0.25 0.9612	-0.06 0.41 0.8810	0.87 0.53 0.1011	0.49 0.55 0.3714	-0.29 0.55 0.5953	0.38 0.52 0.4709
Others	β SE p	-0.63 0.57 0.2716	0.59 0.68 0.3853	1.48 0.85 0.0825	1.56 0.87 0.0724	1.18 0.70 0.0913	1.61 0.73 0.0281*
Level of Oral Health Knowledge
Poor		---	---	---	---	---	---
Fair	β SE p	-0.15 0.43 0.7343	-0.56 0.55 0.3053	-1.52 0.78 0.0526	-1.38 0.70 0.0501	-0.90 0.75 0.2332	-0.83 0.69 0.2300
Good	β SE p	-0.24 0.38 0.5279	-1.43 0.50 0.0040*	-1.71 0.62 0.0054*	-2.37 0.64 0.0002*	-1.11 0.63 0.0771	-1.65 0.62 0.0078*

--- used as the baseline reference in ordinal regression models

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