Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study sample regarding depressive symptoms; ELSA Wave 3 (n = 6790)
Variables | Total N (%) | No depressive symptoms (CES-D < 4) N (%) | Depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 4) N (%) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
 50–64 | 3876 (57.1) | 2455 (88.4) | 322 (11.6) |  < 0.001 |
 65–74 | 1821 (26.8) | 1501 (87.6) | 213 (12.4) | |
  ≥ 75 | 1093 (16.1) | 861 (82.8) | 179 (17.2) | |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 2977 (43.8) | 2134 (90.8) | 217 (9.2) |  < 0.001 |
 Female | 3813 (56.2) | 2683 (84.4) | 497 (15.6) | |
Current marital status | ||||
 Married/Partner | 3833 (56.5) | 2851 (91.1) | 277 (8.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Single/Divorced/Widowed | 2957 (43.5) | 1966 (81.8) | 437 (18.2) | |
Education | ||||
 University degree or equivalent | 1287 (19.0) | 917 (94.1) | 57 (5.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Less than university | 2462 (36.4) | 1808 (89.2) | 220 (10.8) | |
 No professional qualification | 3023 (44.6) | 2092 (82.7) | 437 (17.3) | |
Smoking status | ||||
 Current smoker | 976 (15.4) | 554 (78.2) | 154 (21.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Not current smoker | 5362 (84.6) | 4261 (88.4) | 560 (11.6) | |
Frequency of alcohol consumption | ||||
 Never/rarely | 1455 (24.9) | 1000 (81.0) | 234 (19.0) |  < 0.001 |
 Occasional | 726 (12.4) | 556 (88.4) | 73 (11.6) | |
 1–4 times/week | 2282 (39.0) | 1699 (91.0) | 169 (9.0) | |
  ≥ 5 times/week | 1385 (23.7) | 1046 (91.0) | 104 (9.0) | |
Physical activity | ||||
 Sedentary/low | 1740 (25.7) | 1118 (76.8) | 337 (23.2) |  < 0.001 |
 Moderate | 3574 (52.7) | 2654 (89.7) | 304 (10.3) | |
 High | 1469 (21.7) | 1040 (93.4) | 73 (6.6) | |
CVD | ||||
 Yes | 1880 (27.7) | 1363 (82.6) | 287 (17.4) |  < 0.001 |
 No | 4910 (72.3) | 3454 (89.0) | 427 (11.0) | |
Diabetes | ||||
 Yes | 583 (8.6) | 412 (82.7) | 86 (17.3) | 0.002 |
 No | 6207 (91.4) | 4405 (87.5) | 628 (12.5) | |
Self-rated oral health | ||||
 Good oral health | 5596 (82.4) | 4115 (89.2) | 496 (10.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Poor oral health | 1194 (17.6) | 702 (76.3) | 218 (23.7) | |
OIDP | ||||
 No oral impacts | 6203 (91.9) | 4514 (88.6) | 580 (11.4) |  |
  ≥ 1 oral impact | 547 (8.1) | 303 (69.3) | 134 (30.7) |  |