Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to toothbrushing behaviours

N (proportion) – million

29.9 (100)

15.7 (52.4)

11.1 (37.2)

3.1 (10.4)

Demographics

Age − years

51.3 ± 0.2

48.8 ± 0.2

52.7 ± 0.3

58.3 ± 0.5

< 0.001

Male sex − %

48.3 ± 0.4

44.2 ± 0.6

49.1 ± 0.8

65.8 ± 1.3

< 0.001

Lifestyle behaviors

Current smoker − %

20.9 ± 0.5

16.7 ± 0.6

24.1 ± 0.8

30.5 ± 1.5

< 0.001

Regular physical activity − %

45.3 ± 0.6

50.2 ± 0.8

42.3 ± 0.9

35.5 ± 1.4

< 0.001

Body mass index – kg/m²

24.1 ± 0.0

23.8 ± 0.0

24.4 ± 0.1

24.5 ± 0.1

< 0.001

Waist circumference – cm

83.1 ± 0.1

81.8 ± 0.1

84.1 ± 0.2

86.0 ± 0.3

< 0.001

Obesity − %

31.9 ± 0.6

30.2 ± 0.7

32.7 ± 0.9

37.7 ± 1.6

< 0.001

Drinking − %

< 0.001

 Complete or near abstinence

36.2 ± 0.5

36.1 ± 0.7

36.2 ± 0.8

36.6 ± 1.5

 Moderate consumption

31.5 ± 0.5

33.7 ± 0.7

30.7 ± 0.8

22.4 ± 1.4

 Heavy drinking

32.3 ± 0.5

30.2 ± 0.7

33.1 ± 0.9

41.1 ± 1.6

Diet

 Calorie intake − kcal/day

2,000 ± 12

2,015 ± 15

1,991 ± 19

1,949 ± 33

0.056

 Sodium intake − mg/day

3,850 ± 36

3,906 ± 51

3,823 ± 47

3,660 ± 88

0.018

 Potassium intake − mg/day

3,048 ± 22

3,147 ± 26

2,993 ± 33

2,738 ± 56

< 0.001

Comorbidities − %

Hypertension

30.6 ± 0.5

25.4 ± 0.6

34.6 ± 0.8

42.8 ± 1.5

< 0.001

Diabetes

11.0 ± 0.3

8.2 ± 0.4

12.9 ± 0.6

19.3 ± 1.3

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia

21.4 ± 0.4

19.9 ± 0.5

22.9 ± 0.7

23.2 ± 1.4

0.002

Management of comorbidities − %

Hypertension awareness

67.6 ± 0.9

63.5 ± 1.3

68.7 ± 1.4

76.4 ± 2.0

< 0.001

Hypertension treatment

63.6 ± 0.9

59.4 ± 1.4

65.0 ± 1.4

71.9 ± 2.1

< 0.001

Hypertension control

47.0 ± 1.0

44.6 ± 1.3

47.8 ± 1.4

51.7 ± 2.3

0.017

Diabetes treatment

94.0 ± 0.9

93.6 ± 1.3

93.3 ± 1.4

96.4 ± 1.6

0.296

Dyslipidemia treatment

60.3 ± 1.1

57.4 ± 1.7

62.7 ± 1.8

63.4 ± 3.4

0.080