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Table 3 Multivariable adjustment for the relationship between tooth brushing and cardiovascular risk factors

From: Association between toothbrushing and cardiovascular risk factors: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2017

 

Tooth brushing

≥ 3 vs. 0−1 times/day

2 vs. 0−1 times/day

Difference (95% CI)

P

Difference (95% CI)

P

Log (10-yr ASCVD risk) – logit link

Unadjusted

-0.99 (-1.06, -0.92)

< 0.001

-0.56 (-0.63, -0.49)

< 0.001

Adjusted for age and sex

-0.10 (-0.14, -0.06)

< 0.001

0.01 (-0.03, 0.06)

0.517

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

0.01 (-0.04, 0.05)

0.755

0.04 (0.00, 0.09)

0.068

Multivariable adjustment**

0.02 (-0.02, 0.05)

0.301

0.03 (0.00, 0.07)

0.066

Systolic blood pressure–mmHg

Unadjusted

-6.44 (-7.45, -5.43)

< 0.001

-3.78 (-4.78, -2.78)

< 0.001

Adjusted for age and sex

-0.89 (-1.88, 0.11)

0.082

-0.29 (-1.27, 0.70)

0.569

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

-0.59 (-1.64, 0.45)

0.266

-0.44 (-1.46, 0.59)

0.403

Multivariable adjustment**

-0.23 (-1.21, 0.74)

0.639

-0.40 (-1.36, 0.57)

0.418

Diastolic blood pressure–mmHg

Unadjusted

-0.07 (-0.77, 0.62)

0.833

0.27 (-0.46, 1.01)

0.466

Adjusted for age and sex

0.53 (-0.15, 1.20)

0.125

0.83 (0.11, 1.54)

0.023

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

1.01 (0.32, 1.71)

0.005

0.85 (0.13, 1.58)

0.021

Multivariable adjustment**

1.03 (0.34, 1.71)

0.003

0.80 (0.09, 1.50)

0.027

Total cholesterol–mg/dL

Unadjusted

2.00 (-0.42, 4.42)

0.105

1.73 (-0.75, 4.22)

0.172

Adjusted for age and sex

1.47 (-1.04, 3.97)

0.252

1.39 (-0.1.12, 3.90)

0.280

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

2.57 (-1.13, 4.25)

0.070

1.56 (-0.20, 5.34)

0.256

Multivariable adjustment**

0.77 (-1.79, 3.33)

0.558

0.41 (-2.18, 3.01)

0.754

HDL-cholesterol–mg/dL

Unadjusted

4.55 (3.77, 5.32)

< 0.001

2.86 (2.04, 3.68)

< 0.001

Adjusted for age and sex

1.96 (1.18, 2.73)

< 0.001

1.03 (0.21, 1.84)

0.014

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

0.94 (0.08, 1.80)

0.033

0.67 (-0.21, 1.55)

0.134

Multivariable adjustment**

0.66 (-0.23, 1.58)

0.145

0.56 (-0.33, 1.46)

0.219

Non-HDL-cholesterol–mg/dL

Unadjusted

-2.54 (-4.95, -0.13)

0.040

-1.14 (-3.63, 1.34)

0.368

Adjusted for age and sex

-0.48 (-2.98, 2.01)

0.703

0.34 (-2.14, 2.86)

0.789

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

1.63 (-1.06, 4.32)

0.235

0.87 (-1.79, 3.52)

0.522

Multivariable adjustment**

0.10 (-2.37, 2.58)

0.934

-0.16 (-2.70, 2.38)

0.903

Triglyceride–mg/dL

Unadjusted

-31.50 (-42.56, -20.44)

< 0.001

-16.39 (-28.29, -4.48)

0.007

Adjusted for age and sex

-19.31 (-30.77, -7.85)

0.001

-6.98 (-19.00, 5.03)

0.255

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

-7.98 (-18.68, 2.72)

0.144

-2.39 (-13.76, 8.99)

0.681

Multivariable adjustment**

-8.26 (-19.13, 2.60)

0.137

-2.98 (-14.52, 8.56)

0.612

LDL cholesterol–mg/dL

Unadjusted

1.29 (-1.93, 4.51)

0.433

2.59 (-0.82, 6.01)

0.137

Adjusted for age and sex

0.95 (-2.36, 4.27)

0.573

2.42 (-1.00, 5.85)

0.165

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

1.24 (-2.34, 4.82)

0.499

1.85 (-1.70, 5.40)

0.309

Multivariable adjustment**

0.07 (-3.43, 3.57)

0.968

0.52 (-2.98, 4.03)

0.770

Fasting plasma glucose–mg/dL

Unadjusted

-9.82 (-12.10, -7.54)

< 0.001

-6.20 (-8.52, -3.89)

< 0.001

Adjusted for age and sex

-5.49 (-7.92, -3.05)

< 0.001

-3.38 (-5.79, -0.97)

0.006

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

-4.70 (-7.26, -2.14)

< 0.001

-3.04 (-5.57, -0.51)

0.191

Multivariable adjustment**

-1.53 (-3.23, 0.16)

0.076

-1.18 (-2.88, 0.52)

0.175

hsCRP*–mg/L

Unadjusted

-0.48 (-0.65, -0.32)

< 0.001

-0.32 (-0.49, -0.14)

< 0.001

Adjusted for age and sex

-0.36 (-0.53, -0.19)

< 0.001

-0.23 (-0.41, -0.06)

0.010

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

-0.25 (-0.43, -0.07)

0.007

-0.20 (-0.38, -0.01)

0.041

Multivariable adjustment**

-0.22 (-0.41, -0.03)

0.022

-0.18 (-0.37, 0.02)

0.075

White blood cell–10³/µL

Unadjusted

-0.52 (-0.66, -0.38)

< 0.001

-0.34 (-0.48, -0.20)

< 0.001

Adjusted for age and sex

-0.41 (-0.55, -0.27)

< 0.001

-0.25 (-0.39, -0.11)

< 0.001

Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors*

-0.22 (-0.37, -0.06)

0.005

-0.19 (-0.33, -0.04)

0.016

Multivariable adjustment**

-0.20 (-0.35, -0.04)

0.013

-0.18 (-0.33, -0.03)

0.021

  1. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Estimated 10-year ASCVD risk was log-transformed. *Adjusted for age, sex, obesity, current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and physical activity; and **Adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, obesity, current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and physical activity. Abbreviations: hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell