Skip to main content

Table 2 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression model of risk factors associated with isolated CLP

From: Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021

 

Crude OR

p-value

Adjusteda OR

p-value

Maternal Age

Less than 20

1.05 (0.96–1.15)

0.216

1.02 (0.93–1.13)

0.547

20 to 24

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.001

1.07 (1.01–1.13)

0.013

25 to 29

1.0 (refb)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

30 to 34

0.89 (0.84–0.93)

<  0.001

0.91 (0.87–0.96)

0.001

35 to 39

0.89 (0.84–0.95)

0.001

0.91 (0.85–0.97)

0.005

Over 40

1.03 (0.93–1.14)

0.512

1.04 (0.93–1.16)

0.423

Maternal Race/Ethnicity

NH Whitec

1.0 (ref)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

NH Black

0.52 (0.48–0.56)

<  0.001

0.47 (0.44–0.50)

<  0.001

NH Asian

0.69 (0.63–0.75)

<  0.001

0.79 (0.72–0.86)

<  0.001

Hispanic

0.87 (0.83–0.91)

<  0.001

0.80 (0.76–0.84)

<  0.001

Others

1.14 (1.04–1.26)

0.004

1.02 (0.92–1.12)

0.662

Smoking before Pregnancy

(Number of cigarettes per day)

No

1.0 (ref)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

1–5

1.47 (1.32–1.64)

<  0.001

1.26 (1.12–1.41)

<  0.001

6–10

1.68 (1.53–1.84)

<  0.001

1.37 (1.24–1.51)

<  0.001

11–20

1.84 (1.68–2.01)

<  0.001

1.46 (1.33–1.60)

<  0.001

> 20

1.67 (1.40–2.00)

<  0.001

1.42 (1.18–1.71)

<  0.001

BMI

Underweight

1.09 (0.97–1.22)

0.118

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

0.802

Normal

1.0 (ref)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

Overweight

1.04 (0.99–1.09)

0.062

1.06 (1.00–1.11)

0.019

Obesity I

1.18 (1.12–1.25)

<  0.001

1.18 (1.12–1.25)

<  0.001

Obesity II

1.34 (1.25–1.44)

<  0.001

1.32 (1.23–1.42)

<  0.001

Ex Obese d

1.36 (1.26–1.48)

<  0.001

1.32 (1.21–1.43)

<  0.001

Pre-pregnancy Diabetes

No

1.0 (ref)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

Yes

2.24 (1.97–2.55)

<  0.001

1.96 (1.71–2.25)

<  0.001

Pre-pregnancy Hypertension

No

1.0 (ref)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

Yes

1.31 (1.17–1.47)

<  0.001

1.17 (1.04–1.31)

0.009

Previous Preterm Birth

No

1.0 (ref)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

Yes

1.46 (1.34–1.59)

<  0.001

1.41 (1.29–1.54)

<  0.001

Infertility Treatment Use

No Treatment

1.0 (ref)

–

1.0 (ref)

–

Fertility Enhancing Drugs

0.92 (0.72–1.18)

0.562

0.96 (0.75–1.24)

0.800

Asst. Reproductive Technology

1.27 (1.08–1.49)

0.003

1.40 (1.18–1.66)

<  0.001

Both

1.35 (0.89–2.03)

0.146

1.39 (0.90–2.17)

0.134

  1. aAdjusted for sex, payment source for delivery, W.I.C, education, age, BMI, race/ethnicity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, previous preterm birth, and infertility treatment, bReference value, cnon-Hispanic, dExtremely obese
Back to article page

BMC Oral Health

ISSN: 1472-6831

Contact us