Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Age, (year, mean mean ± SD)

58.6 ± 10.2

61.6 ± 10.4

0.3 (0.2, 0.3)

< 0.001

Gender, n (%)

0.41 (0.35, 0.46)

< 0.001

Male

802 (35.90)

2036 (55.81)

Female

1432 (64.10)

1612 (44.19)

Race, n (%)

0.28 (0.23, 0.33)

< 0.001

Mexican American

195 (8.73)

552 (15.13)

Other Hispanic

215 (9.62)

360 (9.87)

Non-Hispanic White

1202 (53.80)

1546 (42.38)

Non-Hispanic Black

412 (18.44)

874 (23.96)

Other races

210 (9.40)

316 (8.66)

Education level, n (%)

0.44 (0.39, 0.50)

< 0.001

Less than high school

312 (13.97)

1026 (28.13)

High school or GED

433 (19.3)

860 (23.57)

Above high school

1486 (66.52)

1756 (48.14)

Ratio of family income to poverty

3.24 ± 1.63

2.52 ± 1.59

0.44 (0.39, 0.50)

< 0.001

BMI

29.46 ± 6.45

29.49 ± 6.55

0.00 (-0.05, 0.06)

0.889

At least 12 alcohol drinks/1 year?

0.04 (-0.01, 0.09)

0.358

Yes

1541 (70.98)

2543 (72.57)

NO

626 (28.83)

957 (27.31)

Smoked 100 cigarettes in lifetime?

0.34 (0.29, 0.39)

< 0.001

Yes

808 (36.17)

1918 (52.58)

No

1426 (63.83)

1727 (47.34)

Physical activity time, n (%)

0.14 (0.07, 0.20)

< 0.001

Q1

441 (29.30)

579 (25.87)

Q2

603 (40.07)

828 (37.00)

Q3

461 (30.63)

831 (37.13)

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

0.18 (0.13, 0.24)

< 0.001

Yes

134 (6.00)

406 (11.13)

NO

2100 (94.00)

3242 (88.87)

Diabetes, n (%)

0.17 (0.11, 0.22)

< 0.001

Yes

298 (13.34)

699 (19.16)

No

1860 (83.26)

2815 (77.17)

Chronic kidney diseases

0.10 (0.05, 0.15)

0.001

Yes

48 (2.15)

135 (3.70)

NO

2178 (97.49)

3507 (96.13)

Hypertension, n (%)

0.09 (0.03, 0.14)

0.007

Yes

1021 (45.70)

1819 (49.86)

No

1211 (54.21)

1824 (50.00)

Total energy intake, (kcal, mean ± SD)

1934.70 ± 693.96

1961.31 ± 765.46

0.04 (-0.02, 0.09)

0.180

Plain water intake, n (%)

0.17 (0.12, 0.22)

< 0.001

Q1 (< 333 ml)

468 (20.95)

993 (27.22)

Q2 (333–746 ml)

554 (24.80)

923 (25.30)

Q3 (747–1324 ml)

581 (26.01)

892 (24.45)

Q4 (> 1324 ml)

631 (28.25)

840 (23.03)