Table 1 Search strings utilised across the databases

PubMed

(cocaine OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”)

EMBASE

(cocaine OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”)

Web of Science

TS = (“cocaine” OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND TS = (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND TS = (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”)

Scopus

TITLE-ABS-KEY((“cocaine” OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”))

CINAHL

(cocaine OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”)

PsycINFO

(cocaine OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”)

AMED

(cocaine OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”)

ERIC

(cocaine OR “cocaine abuse” OR “substance abuse”) AND (“cleft lip” OR “cleft palate” OR “oral cleft”) AND (“pregnancy” OR “prenatal exposure” OR “maternal exposure”)