Table 2 The BMP-2, FGF-2, VEGF, and ALP levels of each group on days 1, 3 and 7. BMP-2 levels significantly increased over time in all CSC groups, contrasting with the control group where they remained consistent. The highest FGF-2 levels were seen in Biodentine and NeoMTA groups on day 7. Bio MTA+ and NeoMTA exposure had no significant impact on VEGF levels at any time point, with the maximum VEGF level observed in the Biodentine group on day 7. All CSCs demonstrated elevated ALP activity compared to the control on days 3 and 7, with the highest ALP activity observed in the Biodentine and NeoMTA groups on day 7

BMP-2

Day 1

180.1 ± 21.1^ab

168.8 ± 31.9^ab

132.4 ± 4.1^a

147.4 ± 16.9^a

90.3 ± 4.5^a

6125.968

Day 3

1142,5 ± 101.9^c

1055.3 ± 46.1^c

861.6 ± 112.1^c

898.5 ± 58^c

103 ± 7.4^a

Day 7

2620.2 ± 320.1^d

2438.3 ± 215.7^df

1954.8 ± 118.8^h

2295.6 ± 241.5^f

156 ± 8.6^a

FGF-2

Day 1

35.8 ± 1.6^a

38.5 ± 4.3^aef

36.3 ± 3.9^ae

33.8 ± 2.2^a

31.3 ± 1.4^a

2783.987

Day 3

71 ± 13.7^bc

77.7 ± 5.1^b

54.8 ± 0.9^cfgi

53.4 ± 0.9^efgi

34 ± 1.9^a

Day 7

119.5 ± 23.6^d

147.4 ± 8.2^h

68 ± 5.3^bci

138.6 ± 16^h

37 ± 1.5^ae

VEGF

Day 1

88.3 ± 16.6^abc

117 ± 10.8^abcd

96 ± 3.5^abc

75.4 ± 1.7^bc

61.9 ± 6.3^c

4108.873

Day 3

118.6 ± 6.6^abcd

251.6 ± 27.3^f

172.3 ± 9.5^adef

115.9 ± 14.9^abcd

79.1 ± 3.6^bc

Day 7

152.4 ± 10.6^abde

1050.9 ± 147.6^g

363 ± 56.7^h

88.8 ± 46.9^abc

92.7 ± 2.2^abc

ALP

Day 1

175.8 ± 4.4^abcde

261.3 ± 26.8^fhij

121.2 ± 16.2^blnoprst

144.3 ± 21.6^bcdlmnoprs

82.1 ± 1.9^t

1867.538

Day 3

237.4 ± 16.8^fghijk

293.6 ± 22^h

247.1 ± 28.4^efhijk

183 ± 17.2^acdegkm

87.6 ± 1.8^ost

Day 7

263.9 ± 23.4^fhj

380.1 ± 22.9^q

265.8 ± 10.7^hj

382.9 ± 35.1^q

91.7 ± 1.3^norst