Table 4 Evaluated parameters and the respective outcomes achieved in the 14 studies included in this systematic review

1

Campus et al., 2014

Reduction of bleeding on probing

Reduction on salivary S. mutans concentration

Reduction

of plaque pH

N/A

N/A

L. brevis

CD2 lozenges were effective in reducing important oral health variables.

2

Rungsri et al., 2017

No effects in DMFT, GI, and PI

Reduction on total bacteria and S. mutans concentration and increase of Lactobacilli. Persistence of L. rhamnosus SD11 in test group

No effects on pH

N/A

N/A

Daily consumption of fermented milk containing L. rhamnosus SD11 for 4 wk may have beneficial effects on oral health.

3

Villavicencio et al., 2018

No significant differences were attained

Lactobacillus spp.concentration reduction

Increase of saliva buffer capacity

N/A

N/A

Daily milk intake supplemented with L. rhamnosus and B. longum reduces the Lactobacillus spp. Counts and increases the saliva buffer capacity in preschool children

4

Angarita-Díaz et al., 2019

Positive effect on carious lesions Remineralization

No significant effect on S. mutans concentration

No significant effect on pH variation

N/A

N/A

Clinical studies should continue to determine the functional foods effect of supplemented with probiotics with low acid production capacity and define ideal functional foods that promote children oral health.

5

Zare Javid et al., 2019

N/A

S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp.concentration reduction

N/A

N/A

N/A

Consumption of probiotic yogurt with B. lactis Bb12 may modify the oral biofilm

6

Manmontri et al., 2019

N/A

Reduction on salivary and plaque S. mutans concentrations. Increase of Lactobacilli spp. In saliva and plaque.

N/A

N/A

N/A

Daily or triweekly consumption of milk supplemented with L. paracasei SD1 may help prevent preschool children dental caries.

7

Ferrer et al., 2019

Decrease in plate index, gingival index. Increase salivary flow

Efficient colonization of S. dentisani

No significant effect on pH variation

Beneficial shift in bacterial composition, with a reduction of several cariogenic organisms.

Increase of salivary calcium and ammonium

The application of S. dentisani 7746 improved several clinical and microbiological parameters associated with oral health, supporting its use as probiotic to prevent tooth decay

8

Gedam et al., 2019

N/A

No significant differences in S. mutans concentration between groups

N/A

N/A

N/A

Probiotic mouthrinse was equally efficacious in CHX and NaF mouthrinses against S. mutans.

9

Shaalan et al., 2021

N/A

Decrease on S. mutans concentration between groups

N/A

N/A

N/A

Probiotic yogurt can be used as an alternative to xylitol in enhancing the oral condition and prevention from caries of geriatric patients

10

Wattanarat et al., 2021

No significant differences were attained

Decrease in S. mutans concentration between groups. Increase of Lactobacillus spp. Concentration.

N/A

N/A

Elevated salivary HNP1-3 levels in children with early childhood caries upon probiotic supplementation

In the severe-ECC status, consumption of L. paracasei significantly enhanced salivary HNP1-3 levels and but reduce S. mutans levels, resulting in reduction of caries progression

11

Piwat et al., 2020

Transitions of active caries to inactive caries and decrease of caries risk in probiotic group

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Probiotic milk consumption can modestly prevent new caries, but considerably transform active caries to inactive lesions

12

Ratna Sudna et al., 2020

N/A

Reduction on salivary and plaque S. mutans and Lactobacilli spp. Concentrations

No significant effect on pH variation

N/A

N/A

14-day administration chewable tablets with probiotic B. coagulans Unique IS2 can reduce cariogenic bacteria

13

Gandhi et al., 2020

N/A

Decrease in S. mutans concentration.

N/A

N/A

N/A

Cinnamon bark oil incorporated mucoadhesive patch is comparable to the probiotic incorporated patch due to its similarity in the reduction of salivary S. mutans counts.

14

Sandovalet et al., 2021

Increase in the number of teeth with carious lesions in the control group

N/A

N/A

N/A

Increase of salivary hβD-3 in probiotic group

Regular intake of probiotic-supplemented milk in preschool children with high caries risk decreased the occurrence of caries and the salivary levels of hβD-3