Fig. 1

Characterisation of cells harvested from dental pulp tissues. Stem cell surface markers were examined using flow cytometry (A). The differentiation ability towards osteogenic (B) (scale bar, 300 μm) and adipogenic lineages (C) (scale bar, 30 μm) was examined using Alizarin Red S staining and Oil Red O staining, respectively. Effect of various TLR agonists on cell proliferation of hDPSCs. Cells were treated with PG-LPS, E.coli LPS, Poly (I:C), Pam3CSK4, Furfurman, and Zymosan (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/ml) for 1, 3, and 7 days. Cell proliferation was observed using an MTT assay (D). Cells were treated with TLR agonists at 1 and 10 µg/ml and cultured for 14 days. Colony formation was examined using Coomassie blue staining (E). The relative absorbance of the solubilised dye was evaluated (F). Bars indicate a statistically significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). GM; normal growth medium, OM; osteogenic induction medium, AM; adipogenic induction medium