Fig. 1

IVW-derived causal effects of DMFS on regional TH with (a, c) or without global weighted (b, d). (a, b) Forest plots show 95%CI of causal-effect estimates DMFS on the TH of 34 functional cerebral regions, the TH of the BANKSSTS was significantly impacted (weighted, β = − 0.0277 mm, 95% CI: − 0.0470 mm to − 0.0085 mm, P = 0.0047; unweighted, β = − 0.0311 mm, 95% CI: − 0.0609 mm to − 0.0012 mm, P = 0.0412). (b, d) Heatmaps show P-values of causal-effect estimates DMFS on the TH of 34 functional cerebral regions