Table 3 The effect of the type of intervention, gender and age on the studied variables of the study with the GEE model

Expected Pain

(Intercept)

5.481

.2789

4.935

6.028

386.278

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

.125

.1639

−.196

.446

.580

1

.446

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.007

.0057

−.004

.018

1.429

1

.232

Intervention

With VR

.082

.1296

−.172

.336

.402

1

.526

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

.818

Experienced Pain

(Intercept)

4.396

.3560

3.699

5.094

152.477

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

.231

.1842

−.130

.592

1.577

1

.209

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

−.005

.0069

−.018

.009

.464

1

.496

Intervention

With VR

−1.712

.2109

−2.126

−1.299

65.940

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

1.470

MDAS

(Intercept)

15.258

1.2519

12.804

17.711

148.545

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

1.150

.6847

−.192

2.492

2.820

1

.093

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.035

.0254

−.015

.085

1.925

1

.165

Intervention

With VR

−4.548

.2642

−5.066

−4.030

296.236

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

10.089

STAI-S

(Intercept)

38.927

2.2344

34.547

43.306

303.494

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

2.158

1.3535

−.495

4.810

2.542

1

.111

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.023

.0535

−.082

.128

.190

1

.663

Intervention

With VR

−3.452

.2131

−3.870

−3.034

262.324

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

33.539

STAI-T

(Intercept)

39.793

2.0553

35.765

43.822

374.854

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

1.463

.9331

−.365

3.292

2.460

1

.117

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.012

.0464

−.079

.103

.062

1

.803

Intervention

With VR

.178

.2035

−.221

.577

.766

1

.382

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

17.610

Satisfaction

(Intercept)

9.140

.7308

7.708

10.572

156.438

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

.019

.1780

−.330

.368

.012

1

.914

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

−.037

.0094

−.056

−.019

15.505

1

< 0.001

Education

Primary School

.082

.4121

−.726

.889

.039

1

.843

High School

.301

.4391

−.560

1.162

.469

1

.493

University (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Intervention

With VR

1.137

.1703

.803

1.471

44.551

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

1.194

Time Perception Ratio

(Intercept)

1.200

.0767

1.050

1.351

245.001

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

.028

.0427

−.056

.112

.428

1

.513

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.000

.0017

−.004

.003

.018

1

.893

Intervention

With VR

−.128

.0172

−.161

−.094

55.203

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

.040

Vividness of Memories

(Intercept)

5.018

.3549

4.322

5.713

199.881

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

−.096

.1881

−.465

.273

.261

1

.609

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.000

.0083

−.016

.016

.000

1

.984

Intervention

With VR

−.689

.0620

−.810

−.567

123.507

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

.706

Treatment Distress Rating

(Intercept)

4.074

.4374

3.216

4.931

86.746

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

−.314

.2516

−.807

.179

1.555

1

.212

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

−.009

.0090

−.027

.008

1.094

1

.296

Intervention

With VR

3.452

.2293

3.003

3.901

226.733

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

2.154

Root mean square (RMS) amplitude of EMG

(Intercept)

60.283

2.4138

55.552

65.014

623.704

1

< 0.001

Sex

Female

−.037

1.2182

−2.424

2.351

.001

1

.976

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.049

.0596

−.067

.166

.686

1

.408

Intervention

With VR

−14.158

.9975

−16.113

−12.203

201.468

1

< 0.001

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

19.742

Median frequency (MF)

(Intercept)

69.647

2.5296

64.689

74.605

758.043

1

.000

Sex

Female

−.534

.9449

−2.386

1.318

.320

1

.572

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.048

.0616

−.073

.169

.611

1

.434

Intervention

With VR

12.766

1.3545

10.111

15.420

88.824

1

.000

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

21.891

Frequency band power (above 100 Hz)

(Intercept)

70.433

1.9098

66.690

74.176

1360.183

1

.000

Sex

Female

.205

.9265

−1.611

2.021

.049

1

.825

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.001

.0468

−.090

.093

.001

1

.974

Intervention

With VR

−18.648

.8082

−20.232

− 17.064

532.402

1

.000

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

11.803

Heart rate variability (HRV)(ms)

(Intercept)

58.327

.4180

57.508

59.146

19,471.727

1

.000

Sex

Female

−.360

.2252

−.801

.081

2.556

1

.110

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

.004

.0115

−.018

.027

.142

1

.707

Intervention

With VR

−3.752

.2120

−4.168

−3.337

313.388

1

.000

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

.736

Heart rate

(Intercept)

80.965

1.1371

78.736

83.194

5069.845

1

.000

Sex

Female

.505

.5823

−.636

1.647

.753

1

.386

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

−.005

.0260

−.056

.046

.032

1

.858

Intervention

With VR

−10.300

.7848

−11.838

−8.762

172.255

1

.000

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

7.535

Root mean square (RMS)of GSR

(Intercept)

20.984

1.1730

18.685

23.283

319.996

1

.000

Sex

Female

.799

.5287

−.237

1.835

2.283

1

.131

Male (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age

−.003

.0279

−.058

.051

.015

1

.902

Intervention

With VR

−5.389

.5116

−6.392

−4.386

110.928

1

.000

Without VR (ref)

0

–

–

–

–

–

–

(Scale)

4.149