Fig. 3
From: The current applications of nano and biomaterials in drug delivery of dental implant
Various non-covalent bonds in protein binding are illustrated. (A) graphene oxide binds proteins through noncovalent pi-stacking interactions; (B) hydrophobic interactions enhance the bioactivity and stability of proteins; (C) the structure of proteins is stabilized by hydrogen bonds; (D) for proteins to fold, stay stable, be flexible, and function properly, electrostatic integration is vital [113]