Table 1 The therapeutic effect of human dental MSCs treated by single GF

Chun Fan et al. [17]

TGF-β1

PDLSC

-

ROS

induce aging

Hsiao-Hua Chang et al. [18]

TGF-β1

SHED

TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII

ALK5/Smad2, TAK1, p38, MEK/ERK

promote proliferation, collagen turnover, and differentiation

Liming Jiang et al. [19]

TGF-β1

DPSC

-

-

promote pulp regeneration or restorative dentin formation

Parisa Ghandforoushan et al. [20]

TGF-β1

DPSC

-

-

promote adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of chondrocytes

Alireza Moshaverinia et al. [21]

TGF-β3

PDLSC, GMSC

-

-

promote tendon repair and regeneration

Yangfan Li et al. [22]

TGF-β3

PDLSC

-

-

promote osteogenic differentiation and repair incomplete bone defects

Jingting Lu et al. [23]

FGF9

DPSC

-

ERK1/2

inhibit osteogenic differentiation

Caroline Gorin et al. [24]

FGF-2

SHED

-

-

induce the release of VEGF and HGF and enhance the angiogenesis potential

Anita Novais et al. [25]

FGF-2

SHED

-

-

increase the bone healing potential

Chunshu Zhang et al. [26]

FGF-2

PDLSC

-

-

promote proliferation, dry expression, and cytokine secretion

Jessica Ratajczak et al. [27]

FGF-2

PDLSC

-

-

promote angiogenesis secretion

J Qian et al. [28]

bFGF

DPSC

-

-

treatment for 1 week to increase bone formation, treatment for 2 weeks to reduce bone formation

Lihua Luo et al. [29]

bFGF

DPSC

-

ERK, TRPC1

save the proliferative activity of frozen cells without changing the dry and pluripotency

Nunthawan Nowwarote et al. [30]

bFGF

SHED

-

Pi/PPi metabolism

increase the number of cells and maintain stem cell characteristics

Casiano Del Angel-Mosqueda et al. [31]

EGF

DPSC

-

-

promote extracellular matrix mineralization, osteogenic differentiation

bFGF

DPSC

-

-

inhibit osteogenic differentiation

De-Hua Zheng et al. [32]

EPO

PDLSC

-

Wnt/β-catenin

dose-dependent contributes to bone differentiation

Liying Wang et al. [33]

EPO

PDLSC

-

p38 MAPK

promote proliferation and osteogenic differentiation

Ji Hoon Park et al. [34]

BMP peptide

DPSC

-

-

support high cell viability, accelerates proliferation and odontogenic differentiation

Selen Küçükkaya Eren et al. [35]

BMP-7

DPSC

-

-

increase osteogenic differentiation and regeneration

Cheng Liang et al. [36]

BMP7

DPSC

-

-

promote vascular regeneration in a concentration-dependent manner

TGF-β1

DPSC

-

-

completely inhibits calcification,

Seung Hun Park et al. [37]

BMP2

PDLSC

-

-

promote osteogenic differentiation non-invasively

Edit Hrubi et al. [38]

BMP2

DPSC

BMPRI, BMPRII

-

inhibit cell proliferation, and use alone is not sufficient to induce osteogenesis

Joo-Young Park et al. [39]

BMP-2

PDLSC

-

-

higher mineralization and collagen synthesis

Qian Zeng et al. [40]

CGF

DPSC

-

-

promote pulp healing

Joshua N Winderlich et al. [41]

VEGF-a

DPSC

VEGF-R2

-

increase the permeability of the blood–brain barrier, stimulate the adhesion and migration of cells

J G Xu et al. [42]

VEGF-a

SHED, DPSC

-

SMAD2/3

enhance endothelial differentiation

Nan Xiao et al. [43]

GDNF

DPSC

GFR

AKT, MAPK

increase migration and promote rapid wound healing

Arwa A Al-Maswary et al. [44]

BDNF

DPSC

-

ERK/MAPK

promote differentiation into typical neuron-like cells

Saikrishna Kandalam et al. [45]

BDNF

SCAP[55]

-

-

induce immune regulation, protect nerves, and promote the expression of neuronal markers

Ji-Hyun Kim et al. [46]

BDNF

DPSC

TrkB

-

induce odontogenic differentiation

Zhenqing Liu et al. [47]

NGF

-

p75NTR

JNK

activation of the DLX5 gene contributes to bone