Table 2 The therapeutic effect of human dental MSCs treated by multiple GFs

Sun-Yi Hyun et al. [48]

FGF-2, TGF-β1, BMP-2/-4

PDLSC

-

-

FGF-2 collaborates with TGF-β1 to stimulate fibrotic differentiation and antagonize BMP osteogenic/cemental differentiation

Nan Xiao et al. [49]

BDNF, NT4/5

DPSC

TrkB

ERK/MAPK

accelerate migration and wound healing

Wanyu Lu et al. [50]

IGF-1,VEGF

DPSC

-

AKT

combined to promote proliferative migration and osteogenesis, the effect alone is not obvious

Kun Xia et al. [51]

RGD, VEGF

DPSC

-

-

promote cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and endodontic regeneration

Francesco Paduano et al. [52]

Medium (EGF, bFGF)

DPSC

-

-

up-regulate osteogenesis-specific markers

Anna Di Vito et al. [53]

Medium (EGF, FGF)

PDLSC

-

-

maintain growth and dryness with higher osteogenic potential

Jingyi Xiao et al. [54]

Medium (FGF2, TGF β1)

DPSC

-

-

higher maintenance of cell proliferation, pluripotency, migration, and stability

Jialin Chen et al. [55]

Medium (bFGF-2, TGF-β3, SP)

PDLSC

-

-

construction of multilayer human corneal stromal-like tissue

Wendy Martens et al. [56]

Medium (PDGF-aa, bFGF, NRG)

DPSC

-

-

induce differentiation into Schwann-like cells

A Longoni et al. [57]

Medium (TGF-β3, BMP-2/-6/-7, IGF-1)

DPSC

-

-

fibrocartilaginous tissue is formed, hyaline cartilage is not formed

Huong Thi Nguyen Nguyen et al. [58]

Medium (EGF, bFGF, BDNF)

SHED

-

-

induction into neurons improves neurite development and mitochondrial function

Xu, JG et al. [59]

Medium (TGF-β1, BMP4)

SHED

-

TGF-β1-ALK5

derived to SMC

Hua-Lian Cao et al. [60]

AFC

DPSC, PDLSC

-

-

GF source that promotes dentin/dentin differentiation, cell expansion

Prakan Thanasrisuebwong et al. [61]

i-PRF

PDLSC

-

-

yellow i-PRF stimulates osteogenic differentiation earlier, and red i-PRF is more suitable for bone regeneration

Melissa Lo Monaco et al. [62]

L-PRF

DPSC

-

-

an immunomodulatory effect, stimulate the survival of chondrocytes

Ali Sadeghinia et al. [63]

a-PRP

DPSC

-

-

accelerate cell osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and expression of bone gene markers

Yunhe Xu et al. [64]

PRP

PDLSC

-

autophagy

concentration-dependent enhancement of cell viability and osteogenic differentiation

Qiu Xu et al. [65]

PRP

PDLSC

-

-

significantly enhances osteogenesis, with a concentration of 1% being the most effective mode of administration

Bei-Min Tian et al. [66]

PL

PDLSC

-

-

improve the osteogenic potential and support cell sheet formation

Gengtao Qiu et al. [67]

PL

PDLSC

enhance osteogenic differentiation potential

Gengtao Qiu et al. [68]

PL

PDLSC

-

-

improve cell viability and osteogenic differentiation, 2.5% is the optimal concentration

Nela Pilbauerova et al. [69]

PL

DPSC

-

-

serum substitute for expanded stem cells in vitro

Hanan Jafar et al. [70]

PL

SCAP, PDLSC

-

-

a suitable substitute for animal-derived serums that contribute to bone

Tong Lei et al. [71]

PL

SHED

-

-

promote stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and standardize cell production methods