Fig. 1

The structure of the Cur/ZNP hydrogel and its effect on P. gingivalis. (A). Representative SEM images showing the microstructures of Cur and ZNPs. (B). Representative SEM images showing the microstructure of the hydrogels. (C). Cumulative release rates of Cur and ZNPs. (D). The activity of HOK-1 cells after treatment with hydrogels for 24 h. (E). Effects of different concentrations of Cur/ZNP hydrogels on P. gingivalis. (F). Representative SEM images of P. gingivalis after treatment with hydrogels for 24 h. (G). Representative confocal laser scanning microscopy images of EPSs (red) produced by P. gingivalis (green). The error bars indicate the means ± standard deviations. SEM, scanning electron microscopy; Cur, curcumin; ZNP, zinc oxide nanoparticle; EPS, exopolysaccharide; HOK-1, human oral keratinocyte-1