Table 1 The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients by tertiles of baseline lead

N

2865

2856

2879

Males, N(%)

986 (34.42%)

1449 (50.74%)

1824 (63.36%)

< 0.001

Age, years

45.41 ± 12.66

53.35 ± 13.74

57.20 ± 13.65

< 0.001

Ethnicity

< 0.001

Non-Hispanic White,N(%)

1297 (45.27%)

1221 (42.75%)

1211 (42.06%)

Non-Hispanic Black,N(%)

513 (17.91%)

574 (20.10%)

673 (23.38%)

Mexican American,N(%)

417 (14.55%)

404 (14.15%)

427 (14.83%)

Other Hispanic,N(%)

362 (12.64%)

300 (10.50%)

206 (7.16%)

Other races,N(%)

276 (9.63%)

357 (12.50%)

362 (12.57%)

BMI, kg/m$

30.67 ± 7.61

29.20 ± 6.30

28.02 ± 5.74

< 0.001

PIR

2.73 ± 1.65

2.71 ± 1.67

2.51 ± 1.65

< 0.001

Current smoking, N(%)

334 (11.66%)

509 (17.82%)

780 (27.11%)

< 0.001

glycated hemoglobin,%

5.79 ± 1.18

5.84 ± 1.09

5.81 ± 0.97

0.151

TC, mg/dL

194.05 ± 39.50

199.74 ± 41.54

202.13 ± 42.05

< 0.001

HDL, mg/dL

51.78 ± 14.91

52.78 ± 16.13

54.28 ± 17.11

< 0.001

SUA, mg/dL

5.13 ± 1.41

5.49 ± 1.40

5.72 ± 1.39

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

99.00 ± 18.97

90.62 ± 19.72

85.89 ± 21.51

< 0.001

Mercury,medium (IQR), µg/L

0.82 (0.44–1.56)

1.02 (0.56–2.15)

1.07 (0.54–2.41)

< 0.001

Cadmium, medium (IQR), µg/L

0.26 (0.16–0.40)

0.34 (0.22–0.57)

0.45 (0.27–0.81)

< 0.001

hypertension, n (%)

1017 (35.50%)

1275 (44.66%)

1472 (51.13%)

< 0.001

hyperlipidemia, n (%)

2035 (71.03%)

2174 (76.12%)

2245 (77.98%)

< 0.001

diabetes, n (%)

438 (15.51%)

444 (15.59%)

439 (15.25%)

0.935

Antihypertensive drugs

726 (25.34%)

965 (33.79%)

1035 (35.95%)

< 0.001

Lipoprotein-lowering drugs

450 (15.71%)

634 (22.20%)

698 (24.24%)

< 0.001

Glucose-lowering drugs

343 (11.97%)

334 (11.69%)

280 (9.73%)

0.013