Table 3 The risk factors assessed in all included studies Abedassar et al., 2022 [76], Agarwalla et al., 2022 [47], Al‑maweri et al., 2014 [12], Chandran et al., 2021 [79], Gaytry, 2018 [67], Kavayashree & Babu, 2019 [74], Khattab & Abd-ElSabour, 2023 [20], Khedekar et al., 2015 [73], Kong et al., 2017 [72], Marasouli et al., 2016 [40], Mehta et al., 2020 [46], Meshki et al., 2022 [10], Mohan et al., 2014 [77], Pavithran et al., 2009 [44], Rimaviciute et al., 2019 [68], Shah et al., 2016 [70], Shanthi et al., 2017 [78], Shuangjiao et al., 2014 [69], Suresan et al., 2021 [71], Thetakala et al., 2017 [45], Xu et al., 2021 [32]

From: Caries in orphan children: prevalence and determinants—a systematic review and meta-analysis