Fig. 1
Heat-killed GMNL®-143 displays co-aggregation activity to oral bacterial pathogens. (A) the suspensions of oral bacterial pathogens including Streptococcus mutans (SM), Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), Fusobacterium nucleatum (FN), or Prevotella. Intermedia (PI) were prepared as 1 × 109 cells/mL and were added equal cell number of heat-killed GMNL-143 for 30 min at room temperature. (B, C) GMNL-143 cell lysate was prepared by adding 1 × 109 cells to 1 ml of lysis buffer, then further divided into soluble or insoluble fractions by centrifugation followed by mixing with SM (BC) or FN (C) bacterial suspensions at a volume equivalent to 1 × 109/ml and placed at room temperature for 30 min. (D, E) The removal of SLP from GMNL-143 cells were performed by guanidine hydrochloride treatment (143ΔSLP) followed by the co-aggregation assay to SM (D) or FN (E). Co-aggrgation ability was calculated by the formula of OD L. paracasei + OD pathogen – OD (L. paracasei+pathogen). Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-test. *, p < 0.05