Table 2 Definition of the 3D parameters used in the study

Skeletal

MP-SN°

Mandibular plane angle created by MP and the S-N plane

LFH (mm)

Lower facial height, which is the distance from the ANS anterior nasal spine to the lowest point on the chin menton point

PFH: AFH (%)

Facial height ratio, which is the proportion between posterior facial height and anterior facial height

Saddle angle°

Angle formed by landmarks N, S and Ar

Articular angle°

Angle formed by landmarks S, Ar and Go

Gonial angle°

Angle formed by landmarks Ar, Go and Me

Upper gonial angle°

Angle created by landmarks Ar, Go and N

Lower gonial angle°

Angle created by landmarks N, Go and Me

SUM:

Sum of the three posterior angles, namely, saddle, gonial and articular angles

Dentoalveolar

FOP-SN°

Angle created by the S-N plane and FOP

BOP-SN°

Angle created by the S-N plane and BOP

FOP-FH°

Angle created by the FH plane and FOP

BOP-FH°

Angle created by the FH plane and BOP

Overbite (mm)

Distance measured vertically from the incisal edges of the upper central incisor to the incisal edges of the lower central incisor

Secondary outcome variables (Anteroposterior measurements)

Skeletal

SNA°

Angle created by landmarks S, N and A

SNB°

Angle created by landmarks S, N and B

ANB°

Angle created by landmarks A, N and B

Dentoalveolar

Overjet (mm)

Distance measured horizontally from the incisal edges of the upper central incisor to the incisal edges of the lower central incisor

U1/L1°

Inter-incisal angle created by the upper and lower incisors’ long axis

U1-SN°

Angle created by the upper incisor’s long axis and the S-N plane

U1-NA°

Angle created by the upper incisor’s long axis and the N-A line

U1-NA (mm)

Distance from the incisal tip of the upper incisors to the N-A line

U1-PP mm

Distance measured perpendicularly from the upper incisor’s tip to the palatal plane

U6-PP mm

Distance measured perpendicularly from the tip of the mesiobuccal cusp of the first upper molar to the palatal plane

L1-NB°

Angle created between the lower incisor’s long axis and the N-B line

L1-NB (mm)

Distance measured between the incisal tip of the lower incisors and the N-B line

L1-MP°

Angle created between the long axis of the lower incisor and the mandibular plane

L1-MP mm

Perpendicular distance from the tip of the lower incisor to the mandibular plane

L6-MP mm

Distance measured perpendicularly from the mesiobuccal cusp’s tip in the lower first molar to the mandibular plane

Soft Tissue

UL-EP (mm)

Distance from the labrale superior (Ls) point to the aesthetic plane

LL-EP (mm)

Distance from the labrale inferior (Li) point to the aesthetic plane