Table 2 Table of results

Dental service utilization

Consultation /visit (professional/ dental care facility) over certain period

Individuals +/or government sources

Visit in last 3 months (3)

As an access indicator

By number of visits

By age

By frequency

By Time since last visit

By purpose of visit (need only, check-up, treatment)

By reason (costs, waiting lists, travel difficulties)

By service type

By number of days

Low-income:

Burkina Faso

Middle-income: Brazil, China, Colombia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Peru, Thailand, Turkey

High-income: Australia, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Europe, Finland, Israel, Ireland, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, US

65

[19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70]

Visit over last 6 months (1)

Visit in last 12 months (23)

Visit last 2 years (1)

Visit in last 5 years (1)

Visit in 5 + years (1)

Home visit (dentist/dental hygienist) (1)

Last dental appointment/visit (3)

Preventive dental visit (1)

Visit specialist (1)

Receive care in last 2 years (1)

Number of dental treatments annually (1)

First visit (1)

Visit dentist /Dental care visit (6)

Dental/oral health check-ups (2)

Visit only for emergency (1)

Foregone dental care in last 12 months (1)

Never seen a dentist in life (1)

Having a regular dentist (1)

Days spent on dental care in a year (1)

Dentalcare/dental services utilization in last 12 months (2)

Utilization of primary oral health service (1)

Type of treatment obtained

Individuals +/or government sources

Extraction (3)

By type

Type of treatment obtained (4)

Fillings (2)

Prescription of medication (1)

Coverage

Cost coverage

Individuals +/or public health or government sources

Insurance coverage (3)

By type (e.g., public/private/mutual oral care coverage)

Middle-income: Brazil, China, Colombia, Nigeria, Senegal, Thailand, Turkey

High-income:

Europe, Israel, Japan, US

26

[27, 35, 42, 43, 46, 49, 67, 71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80]

Health Insurance system (1)

Insurance scheme (1)

Healthcare Coverage type (1)

Social health insurance (1)

Cost coverage package (2)

Service coverage

Individuals +/or public health or government sources

Service coverage (2)

Dental coverage (4)

Oral health coverage (2)

Comprehensive services (1)

Major services (1)

Basic services (1)

Preventive services (1)

Adoption of prevention and oral health promotion (1)

The extent of oral health services in the UHC benefit packages (1)

Population coverage

Individuals +/or public health or government sources

Population coverage (3)

Finances

Costs for provider

Provider representative

Cost of material/equipment (1)

By payment type (out of the pocket)

By ability to pay

Costs prevented receiving treatment

Middle-income: Brazil, Colombia, Nigeria, Senegal, Thailand, Turkey

High-income:

Australia, Israel, Japan, Taiwan

22

[27, 35, 48, 49, 54, 57, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 78,79,80,81,82,83]

Costs/expenses for patient

Individuals +/or public health or government sources

Cost of treatment/oral health care (3)

Oral Health/dental care expenditures (4)

Ability to pay (4)

Out of pocket payment (6)

Affordability of services (1)

Funding sources

public health or government representative

Government (2)

Donors (1)

Health facility access

Geographic access

public health or government sources

Health facility geographic location (4)

By geographic location of facility/distance

By physical availability of the facility

By travel time

By service access rate

By availability

By accessibility

Middle-income: Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey

High-income: Australia, Europe, Japan, Taiwan

21

[22, 35, 48, 54, 57, 67, 68, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81,82,83,84]

Individuals

Travel time (2)

Outreach to rural/underserved populations (1)

Health facility access

Individuals +/or public health or government sources

Health centre number/dental facility (3)

Availability of service (2)

Type of facility utilized (3)

Access to dental care service (3)

Person’s ability to obtain necessary care (1)

Home care

Individuals +/or public health or government sources

Home oral rehabilitation services (1)

Dental Home Care Management (1)

Oral health status

DMFT

Profession +/or public health or government sources

DMFT/dmft (9)

By score

Low-income: Burkina Faso

Middle-income: Brazil, China, Colombia, Nigeria, Serbia, Thailand

High-income: Australia, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Israel, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, US

58

[20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 40, 41, 43, 46, 57, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 78, 85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94]

dmfs (1)

Missing teeth

Profession +/or public health or government sources

Missing teeth (6)

By number

Tooth loss (4)

Edentulism (2)

Number of natural teeth in adults (2)

Survival of permanent teeth (1)

Pain in teeth

Individual or profession or public health

Pain/toothache (2)

By severity

Periodontal condition

Profession +/or public health or government sources

Periodontal condition/disease (6)

-

Attachment loss > = 4 mm (1)

Caries

Profession +/or public health or government sources

Untreated caries/caries lesion (4)

By age (in children)

Dental caries (4)

Fillings with secondary caries (1)

Caries free teeth (1)

Untreated tooth decay (1)

Oral mucosa disease

Profession +/or public health or government sources

Oral mucosa disease (1)

-

Craniomandibular dysfunction

Profession +/or public health or government sources

Craniomandibular dysfunction (1)

-

Oral health condition

Individual or profession or public health

Dental fluorosis (1)

-

Use of dentures/denture wearing (2)

Chewing ability (2)

Poor oral health (condition) (1)

Tetracycline-stained teeth (1)

Oral health assessment (1)

Self-reported oral health (2)

Disability caused by severe tooth loss (1)

Workforce

Dental workforce

Profession +/or public health or government sources

Dental workforce/Human resource number (4)

By availability

By number in population (between urban and rural areas)

By ratio

Middle-income: China, Nigeria, Senegal

High-income: Australia, Europe, Ireland, Japan, Taiwan

11

[27, 43, 51, 57, 67, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82, 95]

Human resource availability (1)

Shortage of trained dental personnel (1)

Qualified dentalcare staff (1)

Dentist/population ratio (2)

Geographic distribution of health providers (1)

Attitude of health provider

Profession

Attitude of health provider (1)

Knowledge

Awareness of oral health

Individual or profession or public health

Awareness/knowledge of oral health (4)

By rate (improved)

By education status (socioeconomic factor)

Middle-income: Nigeria, Senegal, Thailand, Turkey

High-income:

Germany, Japan

9

[23, 35, 47, 67, 78, 80, 82, 93]

Population education (2)

Health education and information (1)

Information on oral health care (1)

Oral health literacy (1)

Fluoride

Water fluoridation

Public health or government

Fluoridated water exposure (1)

By exposure

As collective prophylaxis

Low-income: Burkina Faso

Middle-income: Brazil, China

High-income:

Canada, Germany, Israel, Japan

7

[26, 62, 71, 78, 91,92,93]

Fluoridation of the water supply (2)

Fluoride intake (1)

Fluoride prophylaxis

Individual or profession or public health

Fluoridated table salt (1)

Topical fluoride (1)

Fluoride toothpaste (1)

Oral hygiene

Oral hygiene

Individual

Practicing interproximal cleaning (1)

By habit type (cleaning, chewing sticks, brushing, flossing)

By frequency

Low-income: Burkina Faso

Middle-income: China, Thailand

High-income:

Canada, Finland, Germany, Japan, US

7

[19, 23, 26, 40, 62, 78, 92]

Hygiene habit (6)

Availability and acceptability of service

Waiting time

Individual or profession or public health

Waiting time for appointment (2)

By waiting time

By speed

Middle-income: Colombia, Thailand

High-income: Australia, Finland, US

6

[40, 49, 57, 79, 81, 96]

Waiting room time (1)

Satisfaction with last treatment period (1)

Speed of services and referral system (1)

Acceptability/satisfaction

Individual

Acceptability of service (1)

Need and demand for dental care

Unmet needs

Individual or public health

No unmet need for oral health services in the prior 12 months (1)

By unmet needs and oral condition

Middle-income: China, Ghana, India

High-income: Australia

5

[27, 57, 81, 97]

Reasons for unmet needs (1)

Annual incidence of unmet oral health needs (1)

Perceived need

Individual

Perceived need for treatment (1)

Demand

Individual or profession

Health demands (1)

Diet

Sugar consumption

Individual or public health

Sugar consumption (1)

-

Low-income:

Burkina Faso

Middle-income: China, Thailand

High-income:

Germany, Japan

5

[23, 26, 78, 92, 93]

Drink sugar-sweetened beverage (1)

Diet

Individual or public health

Eating healthy food (1)

Dietary habits (2)

Policies

Government policies

Public health or government

Government policies for oral health (1)

-

Middle-income: Nigeria

2

[67, 82]

Policies for oral health (1)

Infection control

Infection control resources

Profession or public health

Infection control resources (1)

-

Middle-income: Nigeria

1

[82]

Other

Other

Health status (1)

-

Middle-income: China, Colombia, Thailand

6

[23, 27, 43, 49, 72]

Contact oral health services with the broader health system (1)

Transport and appropriate technologies (1)

Effective dental education system (1)

The proportion of primary care, services, promotion, and prevention (1)

Social support about oral health (towards periodontal status) (1)

Possible indicators which do not have clear examples: (numbers in brackets are reference numbers)

- “Engaging the local population in integrating oral health into universal health coverage.” [98]

- “Educating the society on oral care delivery model.” [99]

- “Oral health team should acquire a thorough understanding of the importance that social determinants play in oral as well as general health.” [100]

- “Dentists and the oral health team should engage in partnership with communities to help them better understand and tackle the social, economic, and environmental factors that determine oral health and increase inequalities.” [100]

- “Dentists and the oral health team should engage with colleagues such as primary health care professionals (cross-sectoral partnerships).” [100]

- “Dentists should become advocates for health, particularly oral health, with their patients and the wider community.” [100]

- “Advancement of the population’s knowledge, attitudes, and skills towards oral health.” [101]

- “Expansion of support, and development of cohesiveness and partnerships in achieving oral health.” [101]

- “Organizational change such as policy, regulatory, and strategic directions.” [101]

- “Workforce development such as integrating dental public health discipline in professional learning programs.” [101]

- “Resource allocation to achieve new/reorient available resources for health promotion and prevention.” [101]

- “Impowering leadership skills for advocacy, lobbying, and awareness raising.” [101]

- -“Developing partnership, shared goals, and planning oral health integrated programs with the community and between different organizations for capacity building.” [101]