Skip to main content

Effect of bleaching treatments on the adhesion of orthodontic brackets: a systematic review

Abstract

Background

Nowadays bleaching procedures have gained popularity in orthodontic patients. Peroxide and Carbamide acids are the common agents which are used in in-office and at home bleaching techniques.

Consequently, the Bonding adhesion to the enamel can be influenced by the orthodontic phase and the residual peroxide might interfere with the polymerization and the adhesion of the brackets.

Frequent debonding of the brackets from teeth after the bleaching procedure could cause the lengthening of the therapy and promote irregularities on enamel surface derived from an additional bonding phase of the brackets.

The aim of this systematic review is to appraise the influence regarding the effect of the bleaching procedure on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Methods

An electronic database search was performed. Search terms included: bleaching, brackets, adhesion; data were extracted and summarized. Risk of bias was assessed using the Chocrane risk of bias tool, adapted for in vitro studies.

Results

A total of 8689 articles were screened and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria of this systematic review.

1000 teeth of human and bovine origin were analyzed for the shear bond strength (SBS) of stainless and ceramic brackets after the bleaching treatments. All the authors divided the groups in different subgroups with different bleaching agents and in different concentration.

The SBS value allowed to demonstrate the necessity to delay the bonding of the brackets for two weeks after a bleaching treatment and its improvement when tooth mousse or antioxidants agents are used.

Conclusions

The SBS values and the delay of the bonding procedure must be considered in dental practice and clinical strategies are necessary in order to avoid drawbacks which could cause the debonding of the brackets after bleaching due to the alterations of the dental substrate, thus interfering with the orthodontic treatments.

Peer Review reports

Background

Enamel is the dental tissue on which the adhesion of orthodontic brackets is requested.

First research on dental adhesion was introduced by Bowen following the pioneering work of Buonocore in 1955 [1, 2].

These principles were then introduced in the orthodontic field by Zachrisson’s work in order to lead to an aesthetic and physical modification of the orthodontic appliance [3].

Despite the progress made in dental biomaterials science regarding an improved adhesion in moist environment, such as the oral cavity, debonding of the orthodontic brackets still remains one of the most encountered problems in the clinical practice.

The most common factor which usually causes debonding of the orthodontic brackets is the continuous masticatory force, but other factors may also be related to this inconvenience: the variability of the salivas’ PH, the adhesion technique ( total etch or self etch), the contamination during the bonding process, the low retention of the base of the brackets and at last the dental substrate subjected or not to dental treatments ( restorative treatments, prosthetic treatments, bleaching and rebonding of orthodontic brackets) [4,5,6,7].

Enamel etching is the first step in the bonding procedure of the orthodontic brackets and this procedure is done with phosphoric acid [8, 9].

The etching phase, combined with a bleaching agent, might lead to a demineralization of the enamel and this might affect the quality of the adhesion [10].

Contemporary bleaching agents are mainly based on hydrogen peroxide (HP) or carbamide peroxide (CP) [11].

The bleaching agents over the dental surface release free radicals, produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, one of the main components of bleaching gels which promote the whitening effect [12].

Literature suggests that bleaching treatments can lead to modifications in the structure of the enamel and alter the biomechanical properties of the tissue. Some articles report morphological changes, suggesting that bleaching agents cause erosive process [13, 14].

Bleaching affects the organic protein components of the teeth, leading to changes in the mineral phase, resulting in visible morphological changes of the tooth surface [15].

Consequently, bleaching treatments can lead to alterations of the etching and the bonding quality between brackets and enamel, which might result in the brackets’ debonding [16].

The prevalence of bracket detachment varies from 0.5% to 17.6% [17].

The shear bond strength (SBS) is the maximum force which adhesive joint can tolerate before fracture. This force is applied to adhesive area between two materials.

The SBS is the maximum force that the adhesive bond can tolerate before facture.

Studies in literature have shown differences and a substantial reduction in the bond strength [18].

Yadava et al. reported that the bleached group showed the least bond strength, with a 90% probability of failure, indicating that significantly less force is required to dislodge a bracket when compared to the control group [19].On the other hand, other studies found no significant differences between the bleached group and the control group [20].

The search for a high adhesion of the brackets to the dental tissue is essential to withstand the orthodontic forces and allow the control of the tooth movements [21, 22].

The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the influence of the bleaching agents on the SBS values of the orthodontic brackets.

Methods

Protocol and registration

The present systematic review was performed following the guidelines for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) [23].

The protocol was registreted and published at OSF Registries on January 2023 with the DOI (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UY62C).

The question posed by this review follows the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes) guidelines.

The population included in the review presented with healthy and intact teeth which were treated with bleaching agents and orthodontic brackets. The comparison included groups of teeth treated with hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide and different bonding techniques for the adhesion of the orthodontic brackets.

The SBS values are the outcome of the review.

The aim was to assess whether there were any differences in the SBS for the orthodontic brackets when teeth are previously treated with different bleaching agents.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The following criteria were applied:

Inclusion criteria:

  • Full text article;

  • Studies published in English;

  • In vitro studies;

  • Studies which analyzed and compared bleaching treatments and orthodontic treatment;

  • Studies which include SBS value.

Exclusion criteria:

  • Studies not in English;

  • Studies published before 2017;

  • In vivo studies;

  • Studies which didn’t analyze bleaching treatment and orthodontic treatment;

  • Studies which didn’t follow the instruction.

Search strategy

The following electronic databases were investigated: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase and Google Scholar.

The research strategy comprised the following keywords:”bleaching” AND “brackets” AND “adhesion”.

The search was limited to articles in English. Restriction on date of publications was imposed and only articles published from 2017 were included.

The references of the studies selected were screened manually in order to detect other relevant papers.

The research strategy was carried out from October 22 until January 23 independently by two of the reviewers.

Data collection and data items

The articles selected through the database search were screened manually by two reviewers and duplicates were excluded.

The titles and the abstracts of the studies selected were then analyzed on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The screening of full-text articles was performed by two reviewers independently to establish whether or not the studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disagreements were resolved by discussion between the two authors. When resolution was not possible, a third reviewer was consulted.

All full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria and assessed for eligibility were evaluated again by three authors to assess the quality of the methodology of each article and to perform data extraction.

A data collection sheet was created in order to analyze all the relevant characteristics of the studies.

The items were the following: Author year, sample size, type of teeth, type of analysis machine, type of bracket, adhesive system, bonding agents, bleaching treatment, bleaching agents, SBS value.

Each of these data were collected in the Table 1.

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Risk of bias

The risk of bias analysis was performed according to the Risk of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions Tool (ROBINS- I) and appropriately adapted for in vitro studies [35].

This was previously adapted similarly in literature [36, 37].

The following domains were considered.

  1. 1)

    Comparability of experimental condition;

  2. 2)

    Blinding of assessors;

  3. 3)

    Losses or non-inclusion of specimens;

  4. 4)

    Selective reporting;

  5. 5)

    Other bias;

  6. 6)

    Overall risk of bias.

Depending on the descriptions given for each main article of included studies, these criteria were rated as: low, unclear, or high risk of bias (Table 2).

Table 2 Risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions tool (ROBINS- I) and appropriately adapted for in vitro studies

Results

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence present in literature regarding the SBS value during orthodontic treatment in teeth subjected to bleaching agents.

The research combined six databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, Google Scholar) and the papers recorded were 8689 respectively 51 from Pubmed, 14 from Scopus, 12 from Web of Science, 11 from Cochrane, 11 from Embase, 8590 from Google Scholar (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

PRISMA flow chart

Three duplicates were removed by two authors (from Pubmed and Google Scholar); 8411 were removed by automation tool because of the year of publication and 264 were removed for other reason: 258 for the inconsistence of the titles and 6 for the inconsistence of the abstracts.

The 6 abstracts were removed for the following reasons:

  • two articles analyzed the value of the SBS of the brackets after bleaching and desensitizing treatments or antioxidants agents [38, 39].

  • One article studied the SBS of the brackets bonding on the teeth after internal bleaching treatments [40].

  • one didn’t test the SBS value in detail [41].

  • one was rejected because of the authors conducted the analysis on group of teeth which were divided in mesial and distal part and treated only on the distal surface with bleaching and bonding agents so a correct and equal assessment of SBS was not possible [42].

  • The last one studied the decalcification effect around the brackets [43].

Eleven full text articles were analyzed and a total of 1000 teeth were included (800 of human origin and 200 of bovine origin).

The analysis reported that ten studies had low risk of bias [24, 25, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34], except for one article which showed a moderate risk [26] (Table 2).Teeth of human origin were premolars while teeth of bovine origin were incisors.

The extracted teeth in all the articles were divided in different sample groups in order to analyze different conditions, such as: type of brackets, type of adhesion system, type of bleaching treatment and type of bleaching agents, in order to evaluate the variation of the SBS into the groups, using a universal mechanical testing machine (Table 1).

The SBS test is a simple procedure which uses a universal machine.

The shear test was performed with a load of 500 N or 250 g and a speed of 0.5–1 mm/min.

Specimens were fixed and positioned exactly aligned towards the shearing blade by using the movable platform. The long axis of the brackets was positioned parallel to the plunger of the testing machine.

The machine recorded the maximum load at the moment of fracture, registered in N and subsequentially transformed in MPa.The groups and the subgroup summarized in all the studies were the following:

  1. 1)

    Teeth not bleached and immediately bonded to orthodontic brackets;

  2. 2)

    Teeth not bleached and immersed in artificial saliva for a certain period before the bonding of the orthodontic brackets;

  3. 3)

    Teeth bleached and immediately bonded to the orthodontic brackets;

  4. 4)

    Teeth bleached subjected and not subjected to thermomechanical cycles and bonded to orthodontic brackets;

  5. 5)

    teeth bleached and expected to be bonded to orthodontic brackets after a certain period of time;

  6. 6)

    Teeth bleached with the aid of photoactivation and bonded to brackets orthodontics;

  7. 7)

    Teeth bleached and treated with desensitizers and then bonded to orthodontic brackets;

  8. 8)

    Teeth bleached and consecutively treated with antioxidants gels and then bonded to orthodontic brackets.

Only three studies used incisor of bovine origin [24, 26, 27].

The specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature and only one author specified the time of 24 h [27].

The bovine incisors are treated with Transbond XT in two studies and only one study used Filtek composite. All the articles treated the teeth with at home bleaching technique but with a different concentration of CP and HP and only one article subjected the specimens within office bleaching technique [24, 26, 27].

All the rest of the articles analyzed human premolars. Three authors stored the teeth in 0,1–0,2% of thymol solution for 24 h or 1 week [25, 28, 31, 32].

Only one author decontaminated the human premolars with 0.5% chlorine solution for 1 week [30].

Two studies stored the human premolars in distilled water at room temperature [33, 34].

Only one study did not specify how stored the premolar specimens [29].

All the studies used different adhesion technique and different adhesive agents.

4 articles used Transbond XT, 1 article used Orthochem cements, 1 used composite, 1 used glass ionomer cement,1 used sealant (Table 1).

All the article analyzed stainless orthodontic brackets, except one which analyzed ceramic orthodontic brackets on bovine incisor specimen [24].

In this article the authors observed a higher SBS value for the monocrystalline ceramic brackets instead of polycrystalline ones.

In all the articles selected, a higher SBS value was obtained in the group of teeth that were not bleached and bonded with orthodontic brackets.

The examination of the articles revealed that 6 articles (one article include bovine incisor teeth) demonstrated that, in order to obtain a high SBS value, it is better to delay the bonding of the orthodontic brackets after the bleaching treatments [24, 29,30,31,32,33].

In these 6 articles, the SBS value of the bleached group was detected after one, two, three or four weeks and the homogeneity of the results demonstrated that the passing of time and the improvement of the SBS value were directly related.

The articles included in this systematic review reveal that some products, such as desensitizing agents, improve the SBS value [28,29,30,31,32,33].

Sodium ascorbate, casein, green tea, chamomile, mangosteen peel extract, quercetin can improve the SBS value.

Discussion

This systematic review aimed to investigate the evidence in literature about the SBS values in groups of teeth which were both subjected to orthodontic treatments and bleaching agents.

Of the 11 articles included in this systematic review, 6 articles showed a significant increase in SBS after a few weeks ‘delay [24, 29,30,31,32,33].

Some articles used bovine specimens. Specimens of bovine origin were taken into consideration, because evidence in literature shows that even if bovine and human teeth present macroscopic differences, they are both similar in regard to the organic matrix and the dentinal tubules. Consequently, teeth of bovine and human origin are widely used for scientific research [44].

The risk of bias of the included studies showed a low risk for all the article except for one of them [26].

This could have been due to the controlled environmental conditions under which in vitro studies are carried out.

Literature demonstrates that the acceptable values of SBS from a clinical point of view are 6–8 MPa [45]. During in vitro studies the control of environment is greater, so this value becomes 40–70% higher than during in vivo studies [46].

In spite of this, in this systematic review 5 authors decided to recreate the environment of the oral cavity by immersing the samples in artificial saliva, by subjecting them to thermo-mechanical stress or by inserting them in an incubator [25, 27,28,29, 31].

The bovine incisor samples were stored in distilled water, instead the human premolars were treated with different solution.

The different treatment of the surface of the teeth could be a factor affecting the adhesion.

Generally, teeth of animal origin are immediately available instead freshly human extracted teeth are limited in availability, so they are typically stored in different solution during the collection period to prevent dehydration and microorganism growth [47, 48].

Thymol is commonly used as storage solution in adhesion studies and only 4 authors used it [25, 28, 31, 32].

Literature demonstrated that phenolic compounds such as thymol were found to inhibit the polymerization process.

Fresh teeth instead sheat the highest possible SBS because of litterature reported that enamel bonding in the group stored in distilled water did not affect the SBS value [49].

The storage soludtion can have a significant on composite-enamel bond strength.

All the articles have shown SBS values for the samples that were not treated with bleaching agents, literature demonstrates that the decrease of the SBS value after bleaching is related to the morphological changes on the enamel which can result from the reaction between peroxide and the organic components [50].

In addition, literature demonstrates that bleaching agents denature the organic components of the enamel, cause porosity and release free radicals which may inhibit polymerization, and this leads to the reduction of the bond strength [51].

Neutralizing these products is not always practical. Authors have suggested to delay the bonding of the brackets after bleaching for 2–4 weeks in order to eliminate the persistence of the residual oxygen on the enamel but there is no consensus in literature regarding the exact waiting time before bleaching and the orthodontic treatments.

The use of certain agents (amorphous calcium phosphopeptide casein, sodium ascorbate, mangosteen peel extract, quercetin, vitamin C, green tea and chamomile).

has been demonstrated to have a positive influence on the SBS value, consequently this evaluation can be taken into consideration for patients who need to undertake the orthodontic and the bleaching treatment in the same session [52,53,54].

Regarding the adhesive agents and the protocol that the authors used an inhomogeneity was appraised, because only 6 authors used the same system (Primer (Unitek Transbond XT Primer, 3 M, St. Paul, MN, USA and Transbond XT (3 M Unitek Transbond, Maplewood, MN, USA) so it is not possible to exclude whether this factor can affect the SBS value [24, 27,28,29,30, 32].

Literature demonstrates that the adhesion protocol also plays a deciding role when bonding brackets to bleached enamel [55].

However, the manufacturing process of the brackets can influence the adhesion. In fact, only one study analyzed ceramic brackets, all the other authors only evaluated stainless steel brackets [24].

Several studies demonstrate that ceramic brackets, in particular the monocrystalline ones, consist of a mass cast at high temperature, forming a single aluminum oxide crystal which favors the transmission of light and influences the polymerization, whereas the polymerization process for the stainless brackets can be influenced by the operator.

Conclusion

In the present systematic review, some articles showed that carbamide peroxide affected the SBS value more significantly, others claimed that hydrogen peroxide did as well; however, most studies agreed that delaying the bond between bleached teeth and orthodontic brackets was necessary to avoid detachment.

Although there are different variations of waiting periods, the results in this review highlighted that a period of two weeks was the most common.

In addition, the authors suggested the use of products for patients where it is not possible to delay the orthodontic phase after 2 weeks.

In conclusion, it can certainly be said that the type of whitening and its concentration negatively affect the SBS value, but there are other factors that can play a competitive role, such as the type of bracket and the type of adhesive used for the bonding.

Limitations

The main limitation of this systematic review comprised the heterogenicity among the studies. Indeed, the individual study design showed differences in factors concerning the division and the subdivision of the groups.

Another main limitation was characterized by the lack of standardization of the results of the bleaching agents and the differences in concentrations which is variable in all the articles and in the use of bovine teeth in 3 of the considered studies that could influence the obtained SBS results even if the bonding procedures and materials are similar to the studies performed on human teeth.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

HP:

Hydrogen peroxide

CP:

Carbamide peroxide

SBS:

Shear bond strength

References

  1. Bowen RL. Use of epoxy resins in restorative materials. J Dent Res. 1956;35:360–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Buonocore MG, Matsui A, Gwinnett AJ. Penetration of resin dental materials into enamel surfaces with reference to bonding. Arch Oral Biol. 1968;13:61–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zachrisson BJ. A posttreatment evaluation of direct bonding in orthodontics. Am J Orthod. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9416(77)90394-3. PMID: 319678.

  4. Azizi F, Bahrami K, Imani MM, Golshah A, Safari-Faramani R. Effect of bleaching with carbamide peroxide on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: A meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Int Orthod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2020.02.006. Epub 2020 Mar 30. PMID: 32241631.

  5. Wang WN, Li CH, Chou TH, Wang DD, Lin LH, Lin CT. Bond strength of various bracket base designs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:65–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sorel O, El Alam R, Chagneau F, Cathelineau G. Comparison of bond strength between simple foil mesh and laser-structured base retention brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:260–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Guzman U, Jerrold L, Vig P, Abdelkarim A. Comparison of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index between precoated and conventionally bonded orthodontic brackets. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:39–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Torii Y, Itou K, Nishitani Y, Ishikawa K, Suzuki K. Effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to self-etching primer application on adhesion of resin composite to enamel and dentin. Am J Dent. 2002;15(5):305–8 (PMID: 12537339).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Condò R, Mampieri G, Cioffi A, Cataldi ME, Frustaci I, Giancotti A, Campanella V, Mussi V, Convertino A, Maiolo L, Pasquantonio G. Physical and chemical mechanisms involved in adhesion of orthodontic bonding composites: in vitro evaluations. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):350. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01715-9. (PMID:34271907;PMCID:PMC8285804).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Salama F, Alrejaye H, Aldosari M, Almosa N. Shear bond strength of new and rebonded orthodontic brackets to the enamel surfaces. J Orthod Sci. https://doi.org/10.4103/jos.JOS_158_17. PMID: 29963507; PMCID: PMC6004780.

  11. de Geus JL, Wambier LM, Kossatz S, Loguercio AD, Reis A. At-home vs In-office bleaching: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oper Dent. 2016;41(4):341–56. https://doi.org/10.2341/15-287-LIT. (Epub 2016 Apr 5. PMID: 27045285).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bittencourt ME, Trentin MS, Linden MSS, de Oliveira Lima Arsati YB, França FMG, Flório FM, Basting RT. Influence of in situ postbleaching times on shear bond strength of resin-based composite restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141:300–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194386. Accessed 12 Dec 2018.

  13. Lasmar MF, Reher VG, Lalloo R, Reher P. Enamel demineralization and bracket bond strength when etching with acid and /or Er:YAG laser. Aust Dent J. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2012.01679.x.

  14. Bitter NC. A scanning electron microscopy study of the effect of bleaching agents on enamel: a preliminary report. J Prosth Dent. 1992;67:852–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Miranda CB, Pagani C, Benetti AR, Matuda FS. Evaluation of bleached enamel by scanning electron microscopy. J Appl Oral Sci. 2005;13:204–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sung EC, Chan SM, Mito R, Caputo AA. Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on the shear bond strength of composite to dental bonding agent enhanced enamel. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;82(5):595–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3913(99)70060-0. (PMID: 10559733).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen H, Liu X, Dai J, Jiang Z, Guo T, Ding Y. (2013) Effect of remineralizing agents on white spot lesions after orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop;143 [376–82.e3].

  18. Türkkahraman H, Adanir N, Güngör AY. Bleaching and desensitizer application effects on shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets. Angle Orthod. 2007;77(3):489–93. https://doi.org/10.2319/0003-3219(2007)077[0489:BADAEO]2.0.CO;2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yadav D, Golchha V, Paul R, Sharma P, Wadhwa J, Taneja S. Effect of tooth bleaching on orthodontic stainless steel bracket bond strength. J Orthod Sci. 2015;4(3):72–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-0203.160239.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Bishara SE, Oonsombat C, Soliman MM, Ajlouni R, Laffoon JF. The effect of tooth bleaching on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128(6):755–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.07.044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rahul M, Kumar PA, Nair AS, Mathew S, Amaladas AS, Ommen A. Effects of at-home and in-office bleaching agents on the shear bond strength of metal, ceramic, and composite brackets to enamel. Indian J Dent Res. 2017;28(5):566–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_13_17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Azizi F, Bahrami K, Imani MM, Golshah A, Safari-Faramani R. Effect of bleaching with carbamide peroxide on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: A meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Int Orthod. 2020;18(2):214–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2020.02.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ; https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

  24. Perciano SG, Carneiro DPA, Santos PRD, Correr AB, Vedovello SAS, Valdrighi HC. Do dental bleaching sessions prior to orthodontic treatment change the bond strength of esthetic brackets? Dental Press J Orthod. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.26.4.e2119124.oar.

  25. Sadeghian S, Garavand S, Davoudi A. Effect of different bleaching treatment protocols on shear bond strength of bonded orthodontic brackets with no-primer adhesive resin. J Orthod Sci. https://doi.org/10.4103/jos.JOS_5_19. PMID: 34568207.

  26. De Almeida AA, Lima DM, Pereira AF, Sousa SF, Alves CM. Influence of delay between dental bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide and orthodontic brackets on the bond strength at the enamel/adhesive interface. J Clin Exp Dent. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.55719.

  27. Carlos LN, Jorge OS, Paranhos LR, de Freitas Vincenti SA, de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza F. The Effect of Different Bleaching Treatments and Thermal-Mechanical Cycling on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets. Turk J Orthod. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2018.17055.

  28. Khan E, Alshahrani I, Kamran MA, Samran A, Alqerban A, Rehman SA. Influence of phototherapy on adhesive strength and microleakage of bleached enamel bonded to orthodontic brackets: An in-vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.013. Epub 2019 Jan 14. PMID: 30648641.

  29. Amuk NG, Baysal A, Üstün Y, Kurt G. The effects of different desensitizer agents on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after home bleaching: an in vitro study. Eur Oral Res. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.2018.576

  30. Alhasyimi AA, Pudyani PS, Hafizi I. Effect of mangosteen peel extract as an antioxidant agent on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to bleached teeth. Dental Press J Orthod. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.5.058-064.oar.

  31. Baidas L, Al-Rasheed N, Murad R, Ibrahim MA. Effects of antioxidants on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to bleached human teeth: an in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020;21(2):140–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Shamsedin M, Arash V, Jahromi MB, Moghadamnia AA, Kamel MR, Ezoji F, Bijani A, Kavoli S, Ghasemi T, Ramezani G. Efficacy of quercetin flavonoid in recovering the postbleaching bond strength of orthodontic brackets: a preliminary study. J Orthod. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-0203.197394.

  33. Gungor AY, Ozcan E, Alkis H, Turkkahraman H. Effects of sodium ascorbate and delayed bonding after bleaching on shear bond strengts of orthodontic brackets. J Adhes Sci Technol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1238121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hande Gorucu-Coskuner, A. Ruya Yazici, Jale Gorucu, Aslihan Usumez & Ozlem Kara (2017) The effect of different in-office bleaching techniques and etching procedures on bond strength of orthodontic brackets, J Adhesion Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1270606.

  35. Sterne JA, Hernan MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355: i4919.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Baumgartner S, Koletsi D, Verna C, Eliades T. The effect of enamel sandblasting on enhan- cing bond strength of orthodontic brackets: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adhes Dent. 2017;19:463–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Anita P, Kailasam V. Effect of sandblasting on the shear bond strength of recycled metal brackets: a systematic review and meta-analysis of in-vitro studies. Int Orthod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2021.05.007.

  38. Zarif Najafi H, Bagheri R, Pakshir HR, Tavakkoli MA, Torkan S. Effect of different surface treatment on the shear bond strength of metal brackets to bleached and desensitized enamel. Int Orthod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2019.01.008.

  39. Olmedo DERP, Kury M, Resende BA, Cavalli V. Use of antioxidants to restore bond strength after tooth bleaching with peroxides. Eur J Oral Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12773.

  40. Iska D, Devanna R, Singh M, Chitumalla R, Balasubramanian SCB, Goutam M. In vitro assessment of influence of various bleaching protocols on the strength of ceramic orthodontic brackets bonded to bleached tooth surface: a comparative study. J Contemp Dent Pract. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2196.

  41. Giammarinaro E, Cosola S, Oldoini G, Gulia F, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Marconcini S, Genovesi AM. Local Formula with Mucoadhesive Property: A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Therapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Oral Aphthous Ulcers. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019;20(11):1249–53.

  42. Trakiniene G, Daukontiene S, Jurenas V, Svalkauskiene V, Smailiene D, Lopatiene K, Trakinis T. The effect of the teeth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide on the tensile bond strength of metal brackets. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):798. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00843-z.

  43. Msallam FA, Grawish ME, Hafez AM, Abdelnaby YL. Decalcification prevention around orthodontic brackets bonded to bleached enamel using different topical agents. Prog Orthod. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-017-0170-4.

  44. Laurance-Young P, Bozec L, Gracia L, Rees G, Lippert F, Lynch RJ, Knowles JC. A review of the structure of human and bovine dental hard tissues and their physicochemical behaviour in relation to erosive challenge and remineralisation. J Dent. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.01.008.

  45. I. R. Reynolds (1975) A Review of Direct Orthodontic Bonding, Br J Orthodon. https://doi.org/10.1080/0301228X.1975.11743666

  46. Pickett K, Sadowsky L, Jacobson A, Lacefield W. Orthodontic in vivo bond strength: com- parison with in vitro results. Angle Orthod. 2001;71:141–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. DeWald JP. The use of extracted teeth for in vitro bonding studies: a review of infection control considerations. Dent Mater. 1997;13(2):74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(97)80015-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ziskind D, Gleitman J, Rotstein I, Friedman M. Evaluation of cetylpyridinium chloride for infection control in storage solution. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(5):477–81. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01091.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Retief DH, Wendt SL, Bradley EL, Denys FR. The effect of storage media and duration of storage of extracted teeth on the shear bond strength of Scotchbond 2/Silux to dentin. Am J Dent. 1989;2(5):269–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hegedüs C, Bistey T, Flóra-Nagy E, et al. An atomic force microscopy study on the effect of bleaching agents on enamel surface. J Dent. 1999;27:509–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Attin T, Hannig C, Wiegand A, Attin R. Effect of bleaching on restorative materials and restorations--a systematic review. Dent Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2004.04.002.

  52. Bulut H, Turkun M, Kaya AD. Effect of an antioxidizing agent on the shear bond strength of brackets bonded to bleached human enamel. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;129:266–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kimyai S, Oskoee SS, Rafighi A, et al. Comparison of the effect of hydrogel and solution forms of sodium ascorbate on orthodontic bracket-enamel shear bond strength immediately after bleaching: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21:54–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cossellu G, Lanteri V, Butera A, Laffi N, Merlini A, Farronato G. Timing considerations on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after topical fluoride varnish applications. J Orthod Sci. 2017;6(1):11–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Montalvan H, Vaidyanathan E, Shey TK, Janal Z, Caceda MN. The shear bond strength of acetone and ethanol-based bonding agents to bleached teeth. Pediatr Dent. 2006;28:531–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

S.T., S.C. and G.D.S. contributed to design the project. M.B., A.N.,S.C., M.H.H and F.B. contributed to the analysis and the extraction of the data and the writing of the original draft, R.I. and E.P. and S.T. contributed to supervision. S.T, M.B, A.N, S.C. and L.P. contribuited to review. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saverio Cosola.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Boccuzzi, M., Nota, A., Cosola, S. et al. Effect of bleaching treatments on the adhesion of orthodontic brackets: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 23, 758 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03418-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03418-9

Keywords